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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 353 of increasing automation, and had learned to love computers. He became Coordinator of Technical Services at GCHQ, working closely with the computer section known as X Division. Dick White, the go-ahead new Intelligence Coordinator in the Cabinet Office, was another avid computer enthusiast. In February 1969 he was chatting to Joe Hooper, the Director of GCHQ, about how computers were transforming the world of intelligence. Hooper happened to mention a new American system called 'COINS' (Community On-line Intelligence System) that was intended to provide a shared database across the whole US intelligence community. While was exdted by this idea, and asked him for a detailed appraisal. Hooper rather relished giving White the doleful story. Begun in 1965 as a presidential initiative by Lyndon Johnson, after four years and vast expense it was still not working. The idea was to allow all the different American intelligence agendes to access each other's computerised files, together with 'read-only' access for the Pentagon and the State Department. However, there were major difficulties with different file formats and terminology. The committee set up to address this had got nowhere, and was caught up in bitter bureaucratic wrangling. 46 White was not deterred. By early 1970 he had persuaded the Joint Intelligence Committee to get busy in the area of new technology. Brian Stewart, Secretary of the JIC, created a joint team on Automatic Data Processing which also comprised MIS, SIS, the Defence Intelligence Staff and the Foreign Office. Teddy Poulden from GCHQ was given the job of chairing it.47 GCHQ and NSA had just completed a shared computer project to standardise the spelling of geographical locations in Russian. 48 What GCHQ really thirsted for was progress on machine translation that would do some of the jobs currently undertaken by linguists, but so far this had failed on grounds of high costs and complexity.49 The Defence Intelligence Staff had looked at storing more of its material on computer, but had been horrified by the sheer labour required to keep such databases current. Despite these disappointments, they all recognised that NSA's growing
354 TURBULENCE AND TERROR use of ,=omputers for data storage meant this was the future. 'Most Sigint end-product already contained simple machine symbols' as a result of its journey through the communications system, and NSA already maintained 'an almost complete file of Sigint end-product for retrieval' on computer. In June 1971 Poulden was rightly predicting that these changes would spread through the entire Western intelligence community over the next ten years.50 By 1974, Dick White's successors as Intelligence Coordinator would be looking to computers in a desperate effort to cut staff numbers in the face of swingeing cuts to the intelligence and defence budgets. 51 In the early 1970s the public knew almost nothing about the breathtaking achievements of high-tech espionage. Overhead, satellites were collecting millions of telephone calls which were then being word-searched by computers of mind-boggling complexity. Yet the British people were still not even aware of the wartime achievements of Bletchley Park. Ultra and its conquest of the German Enigma machine were still shrouded in government secrecy. Indeed, the official histories of the Second World War had been artfully constructed to hide code-breaking and deception from public view. But in 1974 all was suddenly revealed in a memoir called The Ultra Secret by Frederick Winterbotham, who had looked after the distribution of Ultra to operational commanders in the field. Those who had worked at Bletchley Park had taken their vows of secrecy very seri- 0usly' and in some cases for thirty years had not told even their husbands or wives what they had worked on during the war. Now they could speak about what they had done. 52 Kim Philby was a major reason why the government eventually chose not to oppose the publication of Winterbotham's tell-all memoir. Burke Trend, the Cabinet Secretary, hoped that the revelations it contained would help restore the reputation of British intelligence, which had taken a battering in recent years as a result of the vast publicity given to the defection of the KGB moles who had burrowed deep inside the intelligence
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By the same author British Intellig
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HarperPress An imprint of HarperCol
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations x Ma
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Appendix 1: Directors of GCHQ and C
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Sigint operators at RAF Chicksands
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Nor t h Sea 15· Atlantic o c e a n
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1 r. d jan a , e a n U 1,36 • 12
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frequently applied to the people wh
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DMSI DSD DWS elint FBI GC&CS GCHQ G
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Introduction GCHQ - The Last Secret
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 3 formerly B
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 5 of science
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 7 excruciati
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 9 the need f
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THE 1940s BLETCHLEY PARI( AND BEYON
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14 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND third
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16 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND organi
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18 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND of 191
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20 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Habban
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22 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND was an
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24 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Cadoga
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26 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND used f
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28 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND often
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2 Friends and Allies ... there is n
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32 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND baggy
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34 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND messag
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36 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Soviet
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38 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND very s
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40 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND sigint
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42 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND For th
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44 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND countr
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46 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Sloane
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48 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Assaul
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50 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Yet an
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52 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND were '
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54 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND well w
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56 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND most s
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58 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND as Mon
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60 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Some p
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62 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND its di
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64 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND once a
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66 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND was ta
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68 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND his ke
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70 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND countr
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4 The I(G B and the Venona Project
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74 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Venona
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76 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Depart
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78 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND cases
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80 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND By 194
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82 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND For th
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84 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND from l
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86 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND and th
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88 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Just a
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90 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Peter
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92 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND less t
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94 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND The Au
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96 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND with m
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98 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND founda
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100 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND post-
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102 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Howev
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104 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND The p
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6 'Blint' and the Soviet Nuclear Ta
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'ELINT' AND THE SOVIET NUCLEAR TARG
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'EUNT' AND THE SOVIET NUCLEAR TARGE
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7 The Voyages of HMS Turpin Depth c
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 127 attac
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 129 catch
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 131 The R
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 133 milit
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 135 escap
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 137 shout
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 139 as if
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 141 was o
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 143 and t
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 145 that
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 147 Altho
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SIGINT IN THE SUN - GCHQ'S OVERSEAS
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9 Blake, Bugs and the Berlin Tunnel
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BLAKE, BUGS AND THE BERLIN TUNNEL 1
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10 Embassy Wars This file shows the
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EMBASSY WARS 185 to follow Kuznetso
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EMBASSY WARS 187 There were other a
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EMBASSY WARS 189 that Marshall's de
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EMBASSY WARS 191 had discovered tha
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EMBASSY WARS 193 are used for the c
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EMBASSY WARS 195 action against the
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EMBASSY WARS 197 equipment, before
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THE 19605 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCAN
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202 SPACE, Spy SHIPS AND SCANDALS p
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Voice interception during the Secon
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Russian radio equipment captured by
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Tony Beasley (second from right), t
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Clive Loehnis, who negotiated the a
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204 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS c
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206 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS A
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208 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS h
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210 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS a
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212 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS F
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214 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS m
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216 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS N
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222 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS t
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224 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS H
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12 Harold Wilson - Security Scandal
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228 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS i
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232 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS m
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234 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS b
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236 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS B
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238 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS w
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240 SPACE, Spy SHIPS AND SCANDALS i
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242 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS G
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13 Intelligence for Doomsday In Mar
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246 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS f
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250 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS p
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252 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS A
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254 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS s
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256 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS h
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258 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS b
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264 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS L
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266 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS w
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272 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS s
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274 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS o
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15 Trouble with Henry Kissinger the
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 279 Street, in t
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 281 ists had blo
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 283 was more tha
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 285 clearly did
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 287 the Orford N
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 289 Cabinet Offi
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 291 Meir's Cabin
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 293 in Tel Aviv'
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 295 sion with th
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 297 Washington,
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16 Disaster at I(izildere Traitors!
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 301 substanti
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Page 328 and 329: DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 305 pers, and
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Page 332 and 333: DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 309 asking th
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Page 338 and 339: DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 315 way, the
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Page 342 and 343: DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 319 By contra
Page 344 and 345: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 321 demand for si
Page 346 and 347: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 323 intelligence
Page 348 and 349: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 325 from RAF Akro
Page 350 and 351: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 327 sources on Cy
Page 352 and 353: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 329 Surprisingly,
Page 354 and 355: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 331 their country
Page 356 and 357: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 333 the Callaghan
Page 358 and 359: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 335 The main focu
Page 360 and 361: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 337 Britain's own
Page 362 and 363: TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 339 of the deport
Page 364 and 365: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 341 t
Page 366 and 367: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 343 k
Page 370 and 371: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 347 T
Page 372 and 373: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 349 l
Page 374 and 375: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 351 c
Page 378 and 379: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 355 s
Page 384 and 385: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 361 T
Page 386 and 387: UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 363 r
Page 388 and 389: THE 19805 INTO THE THATCHER ERA
Page 390 and 391: 368 INTO THE THATCHER ERA last larg
Page 392 and 393: 370 INTO THE THATCHER ERA regular s
Page 394 and 395: 372 INTO THE THATCHER ERA to let hi
Page 396 and 397: 374 INTO THE THATCHER ERA part of J
Page 398 and 399: 376 INTO THE THATCHER ERA GCHQ, he
Page 400 and 401: 378 INTO THE THATCHER ERA element,
Page 402 and 403: 380 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Geoffrey
Page 404 and 405: 382 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Civil Ser
Page 406 and 407: 384 INTO THE THATCHER ERA involved
Page 408 and 409: 386 INTO THE THATCHER ERA sentence
Page 410 and 411: 388 INTO THE THATCHER ERA stayed on
Page 412 and 413: 390 INTO THE THATCHER ERA which Arg
Page 414 and 415: 392 INTO THE THATCHER ERA something
Page 416 and 417: 394 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and refus
Page 418 and 419: 396 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Margaret
Page 420 and 421: 398 INTO THE THATCHER ERA see the P
Page 422 and 423: 400 INTO THE THATCHER ERA maximum p
Page 424 and 425: 402 INTO THE THATCHER ERA battle, i
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404 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Argentine
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406 INTO THE THATCHER ERA had no im
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408 INTO THE THATCHER ERA commandee
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410 INTO THE THATCHER ERA of 'brigh
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412 INTO THE THATCHER ERA fight a b
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414 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Brian Tov
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21 Thatcher and the GCHQ Trade Unio
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418 INTO THE THATCHER ERA in specia
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420 INTO THE THATCHER ERA had calle
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422 INTO THE THATCHER ERA of the un
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424 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Carringto
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426 INTO THE THATCHER ERA being bra
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428 INTO THE THATCHER ERA remain un
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430 INTO THE THATCHER ERA failed. B
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432 INTO THE THATCHER ERA rash unde
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434 INTO THE THATCHER ERA its effec
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436 INTO THE THATCHER ERA arguments
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438 INTO THE THATCHER ERA GCHQ was
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440 INTO THE THATCHER ERA part of s
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442 INTO THE THATCHER ERA the Unite
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Bcnhall, one of the two GCHQ sites
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The bloody aftermath of the shoot-o
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Geoffrev Prime and his indentikit p
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J olm Scarlett, Chair of the Joint
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444 INTO THE THATCHER ERA worked in
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446 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Nations o
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448 INTO THE THATCHER ERA problems
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450 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and 'need
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452 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and UKUSA
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454 INTO THE THATCHER ERA In contra
Page 486 and 487:
456 INTO THE THATCHER ERA injured.
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458 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Lockerbie
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460 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Nigel Law
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AFTER 1989 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL
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466 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL with the Kuwai
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468 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL intelligence s
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470 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL this and poste
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472 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL friendly with
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474 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL the UN. It's s
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476 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL continued to g
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478 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL After the hand
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480 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL the remarkable
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482 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Elaborate meas
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484 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL because the ag
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24 The New Age of Ubiquitous Comput
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488 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL alarming revol
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490 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL to unlock the
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492 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and secure ema
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494 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL carrying Cabin
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496 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Omand's reputa
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498 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL The union issu
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500 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL in on the high
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502 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL NortheI!l Irel
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504 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and SIS office
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506 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL The -police we
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508 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL GCHQ had been
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510 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Whitehall, whi
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512 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL placed a legal
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514 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL kidnappers of
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516 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL this was confl
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518 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL To: [Recipient
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520 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL that in the we
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522 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Nations. Her r
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524 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL programme and
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526 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL GCHQ support f
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528 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL doned. In 1996
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530 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Division Chief
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26 From Bletchley Park to a Brave N
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534 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL ences in the T
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536 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL a new overall
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538 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL standing next
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540 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL knowingly prov
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542 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and, remarkabl
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544 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL terrorist legi
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546 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL puzzling is th
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548 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL participation
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550 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and customer l
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552 APPENDIX 1 Director of the Cyph
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554 APPENDIX 2 Jul. 1948 UK-USA Com
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556 APPENDIX 2 Jul. 1962 Dec. 1962
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558 APPENDIX 2 1975 Sept. 1975 NSA
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560 APPENDIX 2 1989 John Adye becom
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562 APPENDIX 2 12 Sept. 2001 Direct
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Appendix 3 - GCHQ Organisation In 1
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Appendix 4 - GCHQ Organisation ln 1
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Appendix 5 - GCHQ Organisation zn 1
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568 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS institutions,
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570 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Study provided
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572 NOTES FRUS Foreign Relations of
Page 604 and 605:
574 NOTES TO PAGES 29-45 42 Clark,
Page 606 and 607:
576 NOTES TO PAGES 61-79 44 Calvoco
Page 608 and 609:
578 NOTES TO PAGES 94-104 Thompson'
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580 NOTES TO PAGES 121-133 43 Wenge
Page 612 and 613:
582 NOTES TO PAGES 153-165 18 White
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584 NOTES TO PAGES 176-190 26 Stron
Page 616 and 617:
586 NOTES TO PAGES 204-212 8 Reilly
Page 618 and 619:
588 NOTES TO PAGES 223-242 Harold W
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590 NOTES TO PAGES 255-267 35 COS 1
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592 NOTES TO PAGES 280-292 9 Young,
Page 624 and 625:
594 NOTES TO PAGES 306-317 22 Bamfo
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596 NOTES TO PAGES 328-335 15 Aug.
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598 NOTES TO PAGES 348-355 21.08.69
Page 630 and 631:
600 NOTES TO PAGES 369-387 7 Cole,
Page 632 and 633:
602 NOTES TO PAGES 403-423 McManner
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604 NOTES TO PAGES 433-449 68 Lanni
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606 NOTES TO PAGES 460-480 against
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608 NOTES TO PAGES 496-505 30 Clark
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610 NOTES TO PAGES 517-530 28 Aldri
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612 NOTES TO PAGES 547-550 38 Gandy
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614 BIBLIOGRAPHY Sir Andrew Cunning
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616 BIBLIOGRAPHY de la Mare, A., A
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618 BIBLIOGRAPHY Russell, S., Sheri
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620 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bertrand, G., Enig
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622 BIBLIOGRAPHY Grayson. w.e.. Chi
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624 BIBLIOGRAPHY Mitchell, M. and T
Page 656 and 657:
626 BIBLIOGRAPHY Stromseth, J.E., T
Page 658 and 659:
628 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 'Intelligence an
Page 660 and 661:
630 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 'Coming in from
Page 662 and 663:
632 BIBLIOGRAPHY -'Operation "Match
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634 BIBLIOGRAPHY Whitaker, P. and K
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