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494 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL carrying Cabinet rank. Britain was in the middle of another expenditure crisis, and Aitken's main task was to look for savings. One of the effects of the end of the Cold War had been to allow the Treasury to strip away a little of the mystery of secret services funding. For decades this had been grouped together as the 'Secret Vote' and decided upon by the Prime Minister. In 1994 the Treasury managed to make some inroads here, requiring each agency chief to face bilateral discussions with the Chief Secretary like ordinary mortals. As a result, much more of Britain's carefully hidden intelligence spending became visible. At this point formal British intelligence spending was about £1.1 billion per year, of which GCHQ claimed the lion's share as ever, at £850 million. MI5 and SIS received the crumbs from under the table, at £125 million each. 19 MI5 and SIS performed faultlessly in their meetings with Aitken. David Spedding, the new chief of SIS, was a Middle East expert and was at home in the post-Cold War environment. He explained how his networks of agents were a longterm business, and could not be rebuilt quickly in a crisis if they were cut back. Stella Rimington, Director General of MI5, together with her deputy, Stephen Lander, made a convincing case for protection of its budget focused on the IRA. They argued that while the Republicans were engaged in talks, they were also secretly re-arming, so MI5 too escaped lightly. Aitken confessed that he was 'actually convinced by some of the arguments against cuts put forward by the spooks'. By contrast, John Adye, leading the GCHQ team, performed badly. Initially GCHQ produced 'bewildering countermeasures' by moving into the stratosphere of 'technical incomprehensibility'. As Aitken studied the agency more closely, burning the ministerial midnight oil, he became convinced that there was something wrong. GCHQ, he concluded, was 'suffering from out-of-date methods of management and out-of date methods for assessing priorities'. There was undoubtedly great technical wizardry. GCHQ was monitoring communications between Russian tank commanders in Chechnya - but what, asked
THE NEW AGE OF UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING 495 Aitken, was the real value of this to British national interests20 Aitken sensed weakness. He pressed for a deep probe of GCHQ led jointly by Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd and himself for the Treasury. The real work was to be led by an outsider - Roger Hum, the successful chairman of Smiths Industries, which made technical instruments. 21 Hum's review team was formidable. It included Alice Perkins (a.k.a. Mrs Jack Straw), one of the most effective Treasury officials, and David Omand, 'a fearlessly outspoken Deputy Secretary at the MoD' .22 The schedule was tight. Commissioned on 12 December 1994, the team reported back to Ministers on 25 March 1995.23 GCHQ suffered a body blow. Hum took almost £200 million per annum off Cheltenham's budget in one bite, somewhere close to a quarter of its spending. This left managers in deep shock. No British intelligence agency had suffered such deep retrenchment since the end of the Second World War.24 These cuts heralded 'massive and dramatic change', qnd staff understandably had 'fears for the future'. The vast Cold War 'silos' were broken up, resulting in the death of the mighty J Division, which handled sigint on Russia, and K Division, which handled the rest of the world. Even greater changes lay in store for the communications security wing. Hum suggested that this should go over to charging its Whitehall customers on a cost-recovery basis. 25 If this was not enough, on 23 November 1995 it was announced that the GCHQ Director, John Adye, would be replaced by someone from outside the agency. This was David Omand, a senior official who had been part of the Hum Review team. Many at GCHQ greeted this news with 'consternation and disappointment', since it seemed to signal that internal candidates were not good enough. Some pondered aloud whether Omand was yet another 'axe man' sent to further downsize GCHQ. 26 In fact it was inaccurate to say that Omand was an 'outsider', since he had joined GCHQ straight from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in the 1970s. However, an obvious high-flyer, he had soon moved on to the Ministry of Defence.
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By the same author British Intellig
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HarperPress An imprint of HarperCol
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations x Ma
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Appendix 1: Directors of GCHQ and C
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Sigint operators at RAF Chicksands
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Nor t h Sea 15· Atlantic o c e a n
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1 r. d jan a , e a n U 1,36 • 12
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frequently applied to the people wh
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DMSI DSD DWS elint FBI GC&CS GCHQ G
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Introduction GCHQ - The Last Secret
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 3 formerly B
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 5 of science
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 7 excruciati
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 9 the need f
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THE 1940s BLETCHLEY PARI( AND BEYON
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14 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND third
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16 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND organi
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18 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND of 191
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20 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Habban
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22 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND was an
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24 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Cadoga
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26 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND used f
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28 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND often
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2 Friends and Allies ... there is n
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32 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND baggy
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34 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND messag
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36 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Soviet
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38 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND very s
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40 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND sigint
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42 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND For th
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44 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND countr
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46 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Sloane
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48 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Assaul
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50 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Yet an
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52 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND were '
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54 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND well w
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56 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND most s
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58 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND as Mon
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60 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Some p
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62 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND its di
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64 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND once a
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66 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND was ta
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68 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND his ke
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70 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND countr
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4 The I(G B and the Venona Project
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74 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Venona
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76 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Depart
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78 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND cases
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80 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND By 194
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82 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND For th
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84 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND from l
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86 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND and th
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88 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Just a
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90 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Peter
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92 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND less t
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94 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND The Au
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96 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND with m
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98 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND founda
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100 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND post-
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102 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Howev
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104 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND The p
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6 'Blint' and the Soviet Nuclear Ta
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'ELINT' AND THE SOVIET NUCLEAR TARG
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'EUNT' AND THE SOVIET NUCLEAR TARGE
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7 The Voyages of HMS Turpin Depth c
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 127 attac
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 129 catch
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 131 The R
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 133 milit
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 135 escap
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 137 shout
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 139 as if
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 141 was o
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 143 and t
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 145 that
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 147 Altho
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SIGINT IN THE SUN - GCHQ'S OVERSEAS
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9 Blake, Bugs and the Berlin Tunnel
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BLAKE, BUGS AND THE BERLIN TUNNEL 1
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10 Embassy Wars This file shows the
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EMBASSY WARS 185 to follow Kuznetso
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EMBASSY WARS 187 There were other a
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EMBASSY WARS 189 that Marshall's de
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EMBASSY WARS 191 had discovered tha
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EMBASSY WARS 193 are used for the c
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EMBASSY WARS 195 action against the
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EMBASSY WARS 197 equipment, before
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THE 19605 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCAN
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202 SPACE, Spy SHIPS AND SCANDALS p
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Voice interception during the Secon
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Russian radio equipment captured by
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Tony Beasley (second from right), t
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Clive Loehnis, who negotiated the a
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204 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS c
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206 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS A
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208 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS h
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210 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS a
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212 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS F
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214 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS m
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216 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS N
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222 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS t
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224 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS H
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12 Harold Wilson - Security Scandal
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228 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS i
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232 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS m
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234 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS b
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236 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS B
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238 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS w
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240 SPACE, Spy SHIPS AND SCANDALS i
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242 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS G
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13 Intelligence for Doomsday In Mar
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246 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS f
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250 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS p
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252 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS A
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254 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS s
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256 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS h
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258 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS b
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264 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS L
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266 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS w
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272 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS s
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274 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS o
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15 Trouble with Henry Kissinger the
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 279 Street, in t
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 281 ists had blo
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 283 was more tha
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 285 clearly did
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 287 the Orford N
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 289 Cabinet Offi
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 291 Meir's Cabin
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 293 in Tel Aviv'
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 295 sion with th
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 297 Washington,
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16 Disaster at I(izildere Traitors!
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 301 substanti
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 303 Americans
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 305 pers, and
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 307 be under
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 309 asking th
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 31 1 where th
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 313 Douglas-H
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 315 way, the
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 317 Turkish P
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 319 By contra
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 321 demand for si
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 323 intelligence
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 325 from RAF Akro
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 327 sources on Cy
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 329 Surprisingly,
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 331 their country
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 333 the Callaghan
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 335 The main focu
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 337 Britain's own
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 339 of the deport
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 341 t
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 343 k
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 347 T
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 349 l
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 351 c
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 353 o
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 355 s
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 361 T
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 363 r
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THE 19805 INTO THE THATCHER ERA
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368 INTO THE THATCHER ERA last larg
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370 INTO THE THATCHER ERA regular s
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372 INTO THE THATCHER ERA to let hi
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374 INTO THE THATCHER ERA part of J
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376 INTO THE THATCHER ERA GCHQ, he
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378 INTO THE THATCHER ERA element,
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380 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Geoffrey
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382 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Civil Ser
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384 INTO THE THATCHER ERA involved
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386 INTO THE THATCHER ERA sentence
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388 INTO THE THATCHER ERA stayed on
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390 INTO THE THATCHER ERA which Arg
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392 INTO THE THATCHER ERA something
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394 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and refus
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396 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Margaret
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398 INTO THE THATCHER ERA see the P
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400 INTO THE THATCHER ERA maximum p
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402 INTO THE THATCHER ERA battle, i
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404 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Argentine
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406 INTO THE THATCHER ERA had no im
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408 INTO THE THATCHER ERA commandee
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410 INTO THE THATCHER ERA of 'brigh
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412 INTO THE THATCHER ERA fight a b
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414 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Brian Tov
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21 Thatcher and the GCHQ Trade Unio
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418 INTO THE THATCHER ERA in specia
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420 INTO THE THATCHER ERA had calle
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422 INTO THE THATCHER ERA of the un
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424 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Carringto
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426 INTO THE THATCHER ERA being bra
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428 INTO THE THATCHER ERA remain un
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430 INTO THE THATCHER ERA failed. B
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432 INTO THE THATCHER ERA rash unde
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434 INTO THE THATCHER ERA its effec
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436 INTO THE THATCHER ERA arguments
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438 INTO THE THATCHER ERA GCHQ was
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440 INTO THE THATCHER ERA part of s
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442 INTO THE THATCHER ERA the Unite
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Bcnhall, one of the two GCHQ sites
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The bloody aftermath of the shoot-o
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Geoffrev Prime and his indentikit p
Page 472 and 473: J olm Scarlett, Chair of the Joint
Page 474 and 475: 444 INTO THE THATCHER ERA worked in
Page 476 and 477: 446 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Nations o
Page 478 and 479: 448 INTO THE THATCHER ERA problems
Page 480 and 481: 450 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and 'need
Page 482 and 483: 452 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and UKUSA
Page 484 and 485: 454 INTO THE THATCHER ERA In contra
Page 486 and 487: 456 INTO THE THATCHER ERA injured.
Page 488 and 489: 458 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Lockerbie
Page 490 and 491: 460 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Nigel Law
Page 492 and 493: AFTER 1989 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL
Page 494 and 495: 466 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL with the Kuwai
Page 496 and 497: 468 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL intelligence s
Page 498 and 499: 470 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL this and poste
Page 500 and 501: 472 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL friendly with
Page 502 and 503: 474 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL the UN. It's s
Page 504 and 505: 476 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL continued to g
Page 506 and 507: 478 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL After the hand
Page 508 and 509: 480 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL the remarkable
Page 510 and 511: 482 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Elaborate meas
Page 512 and 513: 484 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL because the ag
Page 514 and 515: 24 The New Age of Ubiquitous Comput
Page 516 and 517: 488 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL alarming revol
Page 518 and 519: 490 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL to unlock the
Page 520 and 521: 492 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and secure ema
Page 524 and 525: 496 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Omand's reputa
Page 526 and 527: 498 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL The union issu
Page 528 and 529: 500 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL in on the high
Page 530 and 531: 502 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL NortheI!l Irel
Page 532 and 533: 504 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and SIS office
Page 534 and 535: 506 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL The -police we
Page 536 and 537: 508 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL GCHQ had been
Page 538 and 539: 510 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Whitehall, whi
Page 540 and 541: 512 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL placed a legal
Page 542 and 543: 514 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL kidnappers of
Page 544 and 545: 516 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL this was confl
Page 546 and 547: 518 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL To: [Recipient
Page 548 and 549: 520 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL that in the we
Page 550 and 551: 522 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Nations. Her r
Page 552 and 553: 524 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL programme and
Page 554 and 555: 526 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL GCHQ support f
Page 556 and 557: 528 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL doned. In 1996
Page 558 and 559: 530 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Division Chief
Page 560 and 561: 26 From Bletchley Park to a Brave N
Page 562 and 563: 534 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL ences in the T
Page 564 and 565: 536 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL a new overall
Page 566 and 567: 538 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL standing next
Page 568 and 569: 540 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL knowingly prov
Page 570 and 571: 542 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and, remarkabl
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544 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL terrorist legi
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546 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL puzzling is th
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548 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL participation
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550 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and customer l
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552 APPENDIX 1 Director of the Cyph
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554 APPENDIX 2 Jul. 1948 UK-USA Com
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556 APPENDIX 2 Jul. 1962 Dec. 1962
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558 APPENDIX 2 1975 Sept. 1975 NSA
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560 APPENDIX 2 1989 John Adye becom
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562 APPENDIX 2 12 Sept. 2001 Direct
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Appendix 3 - GCHQ Organisation In 1
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Appendix 4 - GCHQ Organisation ln 1
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Appendix 5 - GCHQ Organisation zn 1
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568 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS institutions,
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570 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Study provided
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572 NOTES FRUS Foreign Relations of
Page 604 and 605:
574 NOTES TO PAGES 29-45 42 Clark,
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576 NOTES TO PAGES 61-79 44 Calvoco
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578 NOTES TO PAGES 94-104 Thompson'
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580 NOTES TO PAGES 121-133 43 Wenge
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582 NOTES TO PAGES 153-165 18 White
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584 NOTES TO PAGES 176-190 26 Stron
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586 NOTES TO PAGES 204-212 8 Reilly
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588 NOTES TO PAGES 223-242 Harold W
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590 NOTES TO PAGES 255-267 35 COS 1
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592 NOTES TO PAGES 280-292 9 Young,
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594 NOTES TO PAGES 306-317 22 Bamfo
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596 NOTES TO PAGES 328-335 15 Aug.
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598 NOTES TO PAGES 348-355 21.08.69
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600 NOTES TO PAGES 369-387 7 Cole,
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602 NOTES TO PAGES 403-423 McManner
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604 NOTES TO PAGES 433-449 68 Lanni
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606 NOTES TO PAGES 460-480 against
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608 NOTES TO PAGES 496-505 30 Clark
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610 NOTES TO PAGES 517-530 28 Aldri
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612 NOTES TO PAGES 547-550 38 Gandy
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614 BIBLIOGRAPHY Sir Andrew Cunning
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616 BIBLIOGRAPHY de la Mare, A., A
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618 BIBLIOGRAPHY Russell, S., Sheri
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620 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bertrand, G., Enig
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622 BIBLIOGRAPHY Grayson. w.e.. Chi
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624 BIBLIOGRAPHY Mitchell, M. and T
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626 BIBLIOGRAPHY Stromseth, J.E., T
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628 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 'Intelligence an
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630 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 'Coming in from
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632 BIBLIOGRAPHY -'Operation "Match
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634 BIBLIOGRAPHY Whitaker, P. and K
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