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446 INTO THE THATCHER ERA
Nations organisations in the Pacific, together with those of nongovernmental
organisations such as Greenpeace. 28
In many cases NSA or GCHQ provided 'raw traffic' that was
of interest to the New Zealanders, or which matched their translation
skills. A great deal of attention had been given to Japanese
communications by the three partners. New Zealand's GCSB
had produced 238 intelligence reports on Japanese diplomatic
cables, using 'raw traffic from GCHQ/NSA sources'. However,
it lamented that the recent implementation of a new high -grade
Japanese cypher machine had seriously reduced its output.
Diplomatic traffic from Fiji, Vietnam and Laos was being intercepted,
as was South African military traffic and Argentinean
naval traffic. The GCSB relied heavily on the collection capabilities
of its British and American allies to provide French
communications that were out of range of its own monitoring
stations. American overhead satellites, including the new 'Orion',
were crucial in this respect. After the Greenpeace ship Rainbow
Warrior was attacked and sunk in Auckland harbour by the
French secret intelligence service in July 1985, killing one of
its crew, GCSB set in train a special collection effort in the
region. NSA and GCHQ were asked to monitor targets in France,
including certain Paris telephone lines. In short, all three allies
worked closely together on a very wide range of targets, so,
despite Lange's apparent insouciance, New Zealand had in fact
lost valuable material as a result of being banished in 1985. 29
Both GCHQ and the Australian sigint agency, DSD, did their
best to subvert the American ban by supplying the New
Zealanders with sigint of their own.30
As had been the case with the Kissinger 'cut-off' in August
1973, NSA also worked gently to subvert the ban, and over
time came to ignore it. In return, New Zealand agreed to host
more elaborate satellite receiving stations on behalf of NSA.
Nevertheless, in the short term this confrontation had profound
effects on all the venerable Commonwealth countries which
had helped to found the UKUSA sigint alliance and were known
as the 'second parties'. Odom now pondered some big ques-