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572 NOTES FRUS Foreign Relations of the United NPM Nixon Presidential Materials at States College Park, now moved to GCHQ-UR GCHQ union records at the Nixon Library WMRC NSG Naval Security Group GCSF Government Communications [American] Staff Federation, which NY New York replaced unions in 1984 OAB, WNY Operational Archives Branch, GSPS Government Signals Planning Washington Navy Yard Staff OR Office of Intelligence and HL Hartley Library, University of Research in the State Southampton Department HoC House of Commons OSANSA Office of the Special Assistant HQSBAA HQ Sovereign Base Area for National Security Affairs Administration, Episkopi, OTHR Over the horizon radar or Cyprus ionospheric reflection radar HSTL Harry S. Truman Library, PFIAB President's Foreign Intelligence Independence, Missouri Advisory Board [American] IC Cabinet Office Intelligence POF President's Official File Coordinator PS/SAS Presidential Subseries, Special mCI International Journal of Assistant Series, DDEL Intelligence and Counter PSF President's Secretaries Files Intelligence PUSD Permanent Under-Secretary's I&NS Intelligence and National S;curity Department INSCOM Intelligence and Security RG Record Group of the US Command [American] National Archives and IOLR India Office Library and Canadian National Archives Records, Blackfriars, London, RNSM Royal Naval Submarine now held at the British Library Museum, Gosport IWM Imperial War Museum RSI (CWP) Review of Service Intelligence J. Journal (Civilianisation Working Party) JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff RSM Royal Signals Museum, [American] Blandford Forum JFKL John F. Kennedy Library, SAC US Air Force Strategic Air Boston Command JIB Joint Intelligence Bureau SACMED Supreme Allied Commander JTLS Joint Technical Language Mediterranean Service SAM Surface to Air Missile LBJL Lyndon Baines Johnson SCARL Signals Command Air Radio Library, Austin, Texas Laboratory, RAF Watton LC Library of Congress SD State Department [American] LHCMA Liddell Hart Centre for Military SPDR Strategic Plans Division Archives, King's College Records London TCILSIC Technical Committee of LL Lauinger Library, CeGrgetown London Signals Intelligence University Committee LSIB London Signals Intelligence USCIB US Communications Board Intelligence Board LSIC London Signals Intelligence USMHI US Military History Institute, Committee Carlisle Barracks MI8 Military Intelligence section USNOA US Navy Operational Archive, dealing with signals intelli- Navy Yard, Washington DC gence WHO White House Office MoS Ministry of Supply files WMRC Warwick Modern Records NAA National Archives of Australia Centre NARA National Archives and Record WIT Wireless Telegraphy Administration, Washington DC NMLH National Museum of Labour History, Manchester
NOTES TO PAGES 1-28 573 Introduction: GCHQ - The Last Secret I HC Deb 55, 107, 27.02.84, pp.37-8. 2 There are no books devoted to GCHQ's post-war history, although in 1986 Nigel West provided an excellent overview of British code-breaking in the twentieth century in his book GCHQ. 3 MacEachin, The Final Months of War with Japan; www.cia.gov/library/publications/ index.htm!. 4 Andrew, 'Intelligence and International Relations', pp.321-3. 5 Important writings about GCHQ are submerged within wider accounts. See in particular: Aid, Secret Sentry; Bamford, The Puzzle Palace; Richelson and Ball, Ties that Bind; Campbell, Unsink('ble Aircraft Carrier; Smith, The Ultra-Magic Deals and Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia. Important episodes have also been recounted by Stafford in Beneath Berlin and Urban, UK Eyes Alpha. Seminal articles include Andrew, 'The Growth of the Austldlian Intelligence Community' and The Making of the Anglo-American SIGINT Alliance', together with Easter, 'GCHQ' and Rudner, 'Betwixt and Between'. 6 HC Deb, 11.10.04, Col 51W. 7 Nicholas Henderson interview, British Diplomatic Oral History project, CCc. 8 Entries for 1.04.74, 5.02.76 and 18.02.76, Donoughue, Downing Street Diaries, pp.85, 656, 670. 9 Young, The Labour Governments, 1964-70, p.15. 10 S.l. Khrushchev, 'My Father Nikita's Downfall', 14.11.88, Time. II RFE Background Report, 'Vukmanovic Describes His Last Meeting with Khrushchev: How Rankovic "Bugged" Tito's Bedroom', by Slovan Stankovic, 25.01.71. 79-4-239, Open Society Archives. 12 Heath, The Course of My Life, p.493. 13 Entry for 5.11.01. Campbell, The Blair Years, p.577. 14 Lewis, Changing Direction, pp.178-241. 15 Bruce Schneier, 'NSA and Bu~h's Illegal Eavesdropping', 20.12.05, http://www. schneier.com/blog/archives/20051 J 2/nsa_ and_bushU.htm!. THE 19405: BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Chapter 1: Schooldays I Kipling, 'Wireless', p.238. 2 Ibid., pp'.238-9. 3 Vincent, Culture of Secrecy, pp.26-31; Smith, Spying Game, pp.43-5. 4 Smith, Spying Game, pp.257-8. 5 Andrew, Secret Service, pp.108-13. 6 Ibid., pp.259-60; Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, p.54. 7 Vincent, Culture of Secrecy, p.207. 8 Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p.9. 9 Smith, Spying Game, p.261. 10 Ball and Homer, Breaking the Code, p.179; Andrew, Secret Service, pp.331-3. II Paterson, Voices, p.30. 12 Erskine and Freeman, 'Brigadier John Tiltman', pp.294-6. 13 Best, British Intelligence and the Japanese Challenge, pp.56-7. 14 Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p.5. 15 Paterson, Voices, p.31. 16 Ratcliff, Delusions of Intelligence, p.11. 17 Sebag-Monteliore, The Battle for the Code, p.1 O. 18 Smith, Station X, p.5. 19 Calvocoressi. Top Secret Ultra, p.13. 20 Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p.12. 21 Diary entries, 04.11.39 and 05.11.39, Cadogan diary, ACAD 1/8, 1939, Cadogan papers, CCc. 22 Bennett, Monon, pp.210-12. 23 Ibid. p.248. 24 Diary entry, 14.03.41. Cadogan diary, ACAD III 0 1941. Cadogan papers, CCc. 25 Bennett, Morton, p.267. These matters were delegated to Peter Loxley, his private secretary. 26 Calvocoressi. Top Secret Ultra, pp.13, 19. 27 Bennett, Morton, p.252. 28 Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying, pp.188-9. 29 Grey and Sturdy, 'A Chaos that Worked', pp.47-50. 30 Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, pp.68-75. 31 Lewin, Ultra, pp. 30-6 I. 32 Entry for 11.01.41. ACAD 1110, 1941. Cadogan papers, CCc. 33 Smith, Station X, p.78. 34 Davies, 'GC&CS and Institution-Building in Sigint', pp.397-9. 35 Denniston, Thirty Secret Years, pp.73-5. 36 The idea came from Gordon Welchman; see Milner-Barry, 'Action This Day', pp.272-6. 37 Smith, Spying Game, pp.283-4. 38 Grey and Sturdy, 'Reorganisation', pp.311-13. 39 Davies, 'GC&CS and Institution-Building in Sigint', pp.397-9. 40 Loehnis to Beesly, 10.08.80, MLBE, CCC. 41 The pre-eminent account is Gannon, Colossus.
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By the same author British Intellig
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HarperPress An imprint of HarperCol
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations x Ma
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Appendix 1: Directors of GCHQ and C
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Sigint operators at RAF Chicksands
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Nor t h Sea 15· Atlantic o c e a n
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1 r. d jan a , e a n U 1,36 • 12
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frequently applied to the people wh
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DMSI DSD DWS elint FBI GC&CS GCHQ G
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Introduction GCHQ - The Last Secret
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 3 formerly B
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 5 of science
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 7 excruciati
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GCHQ - THE LAST SECRET 9 the need f
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THE 1940s BLETCHLEY PARI( AND BEYON
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14 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND third
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16 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND organi
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18 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND of 191
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20 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Habban
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22 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND was an
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24 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Cadoga
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26 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND used f
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28 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND often
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2 Friends and Allies ... there is n
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32 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND baggy
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34 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND messag
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36 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Soviet
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38 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND very s
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40 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND sigint
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42 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND For th
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44 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND countr
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46 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Sloane
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48 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Assaul
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50 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Yet an
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52 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND were '
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54 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND well w
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56 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND most s
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58 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND as Mon
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60 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Some p
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62 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND its di
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64 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND once a
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66 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND was ta
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68 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND his ke
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70 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND countr
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4 The I(G B and the Venona Project
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74 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Venona
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76 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Depart
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78 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND cases
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80 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND By 194
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82 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND For th
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84 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND from l
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86 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND and th
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88 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Just a
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90 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Peter
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92 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND less t
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94 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND The Au
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96 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND with m
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98 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND founda
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100 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND post-
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102 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND Howev
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104 BLETCHLEY PARK AND BEYOND The p
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6 'Blint' and the Soviet Nuclear Ta
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'ELINT' AND THE SOVIET NUCLEAR TARG
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'EUNT' AND THE SOVIET NUCLEAR TARGE
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7 The Voyages of HMS Turpin Depth c
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 127 attac
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 129 catch
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 131 The R
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 133 milit
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 135 escap
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 137 shout
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 139 as if
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 141 was o
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 143 and t
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 145 that
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THE VOYAGES OF HMS TURPIN 147 Altho
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SIGINT IN THE SUN - GCHQ'S OVERSEAS
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9 Blake, Bugs and the Berlin Tunnel
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BLAKE, BUGS AND THE BERLIN TUNNEL 1
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10 Embassy Wars This file shows the
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EMBASSY WARS 185 to follow Kuznetso
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EMBASSY WARS 187 There were other a
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EMBASSY WARS 189 that Marshall's de
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EMBASSY WARS 191 had discovered tha
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EMBASSY WARS 193 are used for the c
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EMBASSY WARS 195 action against the
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EMBASSY WARS 197 equipment, before
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THE 19605 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCAN
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202 SPACE, Spy SHIPS AND SCANDALS p
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Voice interception during the Secon
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Russian radio equipment captured by
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Tony Beasley (second from right), t
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Clive Loehnis, who negotiated the a
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204 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS c
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206 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS A
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208 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS h
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210 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS a
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12 Harold Wilson - Security Scandal
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238 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS w
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240 SPACE, Spy SHIPS AND SCANDALS i
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242 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS G
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13 Intelligence for Doomsday In Mar
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246 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS f
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250 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS p
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252 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS A
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254 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS s
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256 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS h
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258 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS b
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264 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS L
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266 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS w
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272 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS s
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274 SPACE, SPY SHIPS AND SCANDALS o
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15 Trouble with Henry Kissinger the
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 279 Street, in t
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 281 ists had blo
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 283 was more tha
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 285 clearly did
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 287 the Orford N
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 289 Cabinet Offi
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 291 Meir's Cabin
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 293 in Tel Aviv'
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 295 sion with th
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TROUBLE WITH HENRY 297 Washington,
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16 Disaster at I(izildere Traitors!
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 301 substanti
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 303 Americans
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 305 pers, and
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 307 be under
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 309 asking th
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 31 1 where th
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 313 Douglas-H
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 315 way, the
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 317 Turkish P
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DISASTER AT KIZILDERE 319 By contra
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 321 demand for si
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 323 intelligence
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 325 from RAF Akro
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 327 sources on Cy
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 329 Surprisingly,
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 331 their country
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 333 the Callaghan
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 335 The main focu
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 337 Britain's own
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TURMOIL ON CYPRUS 339 of the deport
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 341 t
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 343 k
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 347 T
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 349 l
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 351 c
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 353 o
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 355 s
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 361 T
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UNMASKING GCHQ: THE ABC TRIAL 363 r
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THE 19805 INTO THE THATCHER ERA
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368 INTO THE THATCHER ERA last larg
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370 INTO THE THATCHER ERA regular s
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372 INTO THE THATCHER ERA to let hi
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374 INTO THE THATCHER ERA part of J
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376 INTO THE THATCHER ERA GCHQ, he
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378 INTO THE THATCHER ERA element,
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380 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Geoffrey
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382 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Civil Ser
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384 INTO THE THATCHER ERA involved
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386 INTO THE THATCHER ERA sentence
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388 INTO THE THATCHER ERA stayed on
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390 INTO THE THATCHER ERA which Arg
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392 INTO THE THATCHER ERA something
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394 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and refus
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396 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Margaret
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398 INTO THE THATCHER ERA see the P
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400 INTO THE THATCHER ERA maximum p
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402 INTO THE THATCHER ERA battle, i
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404 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Argentine
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406 INTO THE THATCHER ERA had no im
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408 INTO THE THATCHER ERA commandee
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410 INTO THE THATCHER ERA of 'brigh
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412 INTO THE THATCHER ERA fight a b
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414 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Brian Tov
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21 Thatcher and the GCHQ Trade Unio
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418 INTO THE THATCHER ERA in specia
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420 INTO THE THATCHER ERA had calle
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422 INTO THE THATCHER ERA of the un
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424 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Carringto
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426 INTO THE THATCHER ERA being bra
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428 INTO THE THATCHER ERA remain un
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430 INTO THE THATCHER ERA failed. B
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432 INTO THE THATCHER ERA rash unde
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434 INTO THE THATCHER ERA its effec
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436 INTO THE THATCHER ERA arguments
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438 INTO THE THATCHER ERA GCHQ was
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440 INTO THE THATCHER ERA part of s
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442 INTO THE THATCHER ERA the Unite
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Bcnhall, one of the two GCHQ sites
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The bloody aftermath of the shoot-o
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Geoffrev Prime and his indentikit p
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J olm Scarlett, Chair of the Joint
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444 INTO THE THATCHER ERA worked in
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446 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Nations o
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448 INTO THE THATCHER ERA problems
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450 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and 'need
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452 INTO THE THATCHER ERA and UKUSA
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454 INTO THE THATCHER ERA In contra
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456 INTO THE THATCHER ERA injured.
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458 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Lockerbie
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460 INTO THE THATCHER ERA Nigel Law
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AFTER 1989 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL
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466 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL with the Kuwai
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468 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL intelligence s
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470 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL this and poste
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472 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL friendly with
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474 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL the UN. It's s
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476 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL continued to g
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478 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL After the hand
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480 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL the remarkable
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482 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Elaborate meas
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484 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL because the ag
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24 The New Age of Ubiquitous Comput
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488 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL alarming revol
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490 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL to unlock the
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492 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and secure ema
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494 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL carrying Cabin
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496 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Omand's reputa
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498 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL The union issu
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500 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL in on the high
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502 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL NortheI!l Irel
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504 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL and SIS office
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506 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL The -police we
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508 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL GCHQ had been
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510 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Whitehall, whi
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512 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL placed a legal
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514 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL kidnappers of
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516 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL this was confl
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518 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL To: [Recipient
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520 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL that in the we
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522 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL Nations. Her r
Page 552 and 553: 524 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL programme and
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Page 556 and 557: 528 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL doned. In 1996
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Page 564 and 565: 536 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL a new overall
Page 566 and 567: 538 GCHQ GOES GLOBAL standing next
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Page 580 and 581: 552 APPENDIX 1 Director of the Cyph
Page 582 and 583: 554 APPENDIX 2 Jul. 1948 UK-USA Com
Page 584 and 585: 556 APPENDIX 2 Jul. 1962 Dec. 1962
Page 586 and 587: 558 APPENDIX 2 1975 Sept. 1975 NSA
Page 588 and 589: 560 APPENDIX 2 1989 John Adye becom
Page 590 and 591: 562 APPENDIX 2 12 Sept. 2001 Direct
Page 592 and 593: Appendix 3 - GCHQ Organisation In 1
Page 594 and 595: Appendix 4 - GCHQ Organisation ln 1
Page 596 and 597: Appendix 5 - GCHQ Organisation zn 1
Page 598 and 599: 568 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS institutions,
Page 600 and 601: 570 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Study provided
Page 604 and 605: 574 NOTES TO PAGES 29-45 42 Clark,
Page 606 and 607: 576 NOTES TO PAGES 61-79 44 Calvoco
Page 608 and 609: 578 NOTES TO PAGES 94-104 Thompson'
Page 610 and 611: 580 NOTES TO PAGES 121-133 43 Wenge
Page 612 and 613: 582 NOTES TO PAGES 153-165 18 White
Page 614 and 615: 584 NOTES TO PAGES 176-190 26 Stron
Page 616 and 617: 586 NOTES TO PAGES 204-212 8 Reilly
Page 618 and 619: 588 NOTES TO PAGES 223-242 Harold W
Page 620 and 621: 590 NOTES TO PAGES 255-267 35 COS 1
Page 622 and 623: 592 NOTES TO PAGES 280-292 9 Young,
Page 624 and 625: 594 NOTES TO PAGES 306-317 22 Bamfo
Page 626 and 627: 596 NOTES TO PAGES 328-335 15 Aug.
Page 628 and 629: 598 NOTES TO PAGES 348-355 21.08.69
Page 630 and 631: 600 NOTES TO PAGES 369-387 7 Cole,
Page 632 and 633: 602 NOTES TO PAGES 403-423 McManner
Page 634 and 635: 604 NOTES TO PAGES 433-449 68 Lanni
Page 636 and 637: 606 NOTES TO PAGES 460-480 against
Page 638 and 639: 608 NOTES TO PAGES 496-505 30 Clark
Page 640 and 641: 610 NOTES TO PAGES 517-530 28 Aldri
Page 642 and 643: 612 NOTES TO PAGES 547-550 38 Gandy
Page 644 and 645: 614 BIBLIOGRAPHY Sir Andrew Cunning
Page 646 and 647: 616 BIBLIOGRAPHY de la Mare, A., A
Page 648 and 649: 618 BIBLIOGRAPHY Russell, S., Sheri
Page 650 and 651: 620 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bertrand, G., Enig
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622 BIBLIOGRAPHY Grayson. w.e.. Chi
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624 BIBLIOGRAPHY Mitchell, M. and T
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626 BIBLIOGRAPHY Stromseth, J.E., T
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628 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 'Intelligence an
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630 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 'Coming in from
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632 BIBLIOGRAPHY -'Operation "Match
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634 BIBLIOGRAPHY Whitaker, P. and K
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