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Throughout two centuries of existence, the Anatolian Seljuk State managed to produce very significant
works of art. It is noticed in the Seljuk architecture that architectural elements are ornamented in many
different ways. In ornaments that calligraphy and floral patterns were used together calligraphy comes
to the foreground, or that geometrical and floral ones were used together geometrical ornament
is seen in the foreground. Here, we studied the usage of the rumi pattern in arrangement of portal
ornament of the structures in the Anatolian Seljuk architecture in a chronological order.
Muslims endeavoured to break the strength of the Christian
Byzantine Empire in Anatolia by fighting for centuries, yet
they couldn't manage. This strength was broken by the victory
that Alp Arslan the Great Seljuk Sultan had won in the
Battle of Manzikert in 1071, 1 and that set a homeland in
Anatolia for the migrating Turkmen. Thus Turkmen started
to immigrate in groups. 2 By help of the political impotency
that Byzantium fell into after the Manzikert defeat, Alp Arslan's
cousins, Qutulmish, took Isnikea in Malik-Shah's period
without encountering a serious resistance in the region in
1075. They used it as a base and laid the foundations of the
Anatolian Seljuk State. 3 However, Suleyman Shah's expansion
policy over northern Syria and the siege of Aleppo were
taken as a danger by the Great Seljuk and a countermove
was taken in turn. After the death of Suleyman Shah, his
sons Kilij Arslan and Dolat were brought to Malik-Shah.
Freed by the death of Malik-Shah in 1092, Kilij Arslan, went
to Isnikea and there came into power. 4 Kilij Arslan the First
couldn't stop the First Crusade from taking over Isnikea in
1096 5 and he directed his expansion policy towards the
East because of the agreement he had made with Byzantine
Empire therefore the capital was moved to Konya. 6 The
Anatolian Seljuk State, that got on the stage of history, constituted
a political unity in Anatolia by patroning the other
principalities around them. Despite the fights for the throne
after every death of sultans, they managed to expand and
become a wealthy state. They lived the golden age in the
periods of Kaykaus the 1 st (1211-1220) 7 and Kayqubad the 1st
(1220-1237). 8 On 3 July 1243 in a skirmish with Mongolians
in Kose Dag, Anatolian Seljuk Army were defeated without
showing a good defence in the period of Kaykhusraw the
2nd. 9 After this battle the Anatolian Seljuk State paid high
taxes to Mongolians and could only maintain dependent to
them. The state which managed to maintain by the help of
powerful viziers like Celaleddin Karatay and Sahib Ata Fakhr
al-Din Ali could survive some more time after them. 10
Because of the Seljuk Sultans' not being independent, principalities
like Karamanids and Eshrefids revolted. Invasions,
revolts and civil wars caused the order in Anatolia to be broken,
heavy taxes and pillages of Mongolians brought poverty
throughout the land. 11 All of these brought Seljuk Dynasty
Ulu Mosque in Diyarbakir