Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Eggs are laid just below the leaf surface and larvae feed internally on the plant in which the eggs were laid. The number of eggs laid varies according to the host plant and temperature. Larvae (maggots) are legless, typically cylindrical in shape and tapering at the head region. There are three larval stages that feed within the leaves (beneath the surface) creating a winding tunnel or ‘mine’. They occasionally feed on the outer surface of young pods. The larvae of Liriomyza spp. leave the plant to pupate, so pupae may be found in crop debris, in the soil or sometimes on the leaf surface. In contrast, pea leafminer (C. horticola) larvae pupate inside the leaf at the end of the larval mine. These closely-related species are difficult to tell apart and identification requires specialist knowledge. These biosecurity threats can be confused with native leaf-miner species. Most of these are host-specific but they are not well known, and as many species remain undescribed, they should be sent for identification. The occurrence of leaf mining (tunnelling) can be easily recognised in the field. Crops attacked/host range L. trifolii: beans, peanuts, soybeans, lentils, lupins, faba beans and chickpeas. L. huidobrensis: beans, lupins, field peas and faba beans. C. horticola: sunflower, field peas, canola, lentils, lupins, chickpeas and other Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae plants. L. cicerina: chickpea, sweet clovers, disk trefoil and Ononis species. Damage symptoms Typical leaf miner damage includes leaf destruction (leaf wilt, desiccation and premature fall) and retarded plant growth. Plant damage in the form of stippling can also be caused by females puncturing leaves for sap-feeding and egg-laying (oviposition). Plants can also suffer from secondary attack when pathogenic fungi enter the leaf through puncture wounds. Mechanical transmission of plant viruses can also occur. Severe infestations can lead to total crop loss due to both larval-mining and leafpuncturing. Most leaf mines are greenish in colour at first, turning whitish over time. Leaf mines wind irregularly through the leaf and increase in width as larvae mature. Distribution and potential spread L. trifolii is present in Europe, Asia, Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, North and South America and Oceania. L. huidobrensis is widespread through Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe, Canada and the USA. C. horticola is widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe. L. cicerina is found in Africa and Europe. Agromyzid flies are not very active flyers and tend to remain close to their target crops, often only moving very short distances between host plants within a crop. They can move longer distances if carried by wind. Entry of these invasive agromyzids (apart from L. cicerina) is likely to be via imported plant material containing leaves, particularly seedlings or propagation material where eggs have been deposited. If eggs have not yet hatched and no signs of mining are visible, the eggs may survive treatment at port of entry. Initial incursions are likely to arise from horticultural areas, and grains industries will face secondary attack from these horticultural incursions if eradication is not achieved. Mine shapes in the leaf tissue can vary depending on the species and can be narrow and linear with anterior spiracles (e.g. C. horticola), linear and shallow on the upper leaf surface (e.g. L. trifolii), serpentine in shape (e.g. L. cicerina) serpentine or irregular in shape (e.g. L. huidobrensis) or have distinctive trails of frass deposited in black strips on the sides of the mine (e.g. L. trifolii). Surveillance While fully-formed leaf mines should be readily visible to quarantine officials, signs of early infestations are much less obvious and can be easily overlooked. Any leaf-mining damage or insect that resembles these flies must be sent to a specialist for identification. Early detection of plant pests can greatly increase the chance of successful eradication and reduce the cost and social impact of an incursion. Incorporate surveillance for exotic pests when undertaking routine crop monitoring and other crop detection and measurement activities. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 55 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Reporting protocol A rapid response to detection of potential exotic pests can be the key to containment, eradication or management. If you see anything unusual, call the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. Speak to your department of primary industries or department of agriculture before sending any samples. It is essential that the correct sampling protocol is followed including packaging, handling and transport to the laboratory assigned for diagnosis. Incorrect handling could spread the pest further or render the samples unfit for identification. Stop the movement of people, vehicles and equipment in the detected area until a confirmation can be made. More information Plant Health Australia website www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/grains Ute Guides, Southern (p. 179)/Western (p. 146). Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 56 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Identification Keys Larval forms to
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Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
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Beetles (adults) to main families/s
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Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
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SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
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Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135: Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137: Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139: More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141: SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143: The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145: Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147: Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149: Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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