Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) and Oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) Distinguishing characteristics/description Corn aphid adult 10 mm 20 30 Oblongshaped Antennal segment VI Terminal process Base ½ as long as terminal segment Basal portion Two dark patches at the base of each siphuncle Pointed and tapering tip on siphuncles, not clearly visible in this image Oat aphid adult 10 mm 20 Pearshaped Rust-reddish patch at the base of abdomen, in between siphuncles Cereal aphids are similar in colour with only subtle differences. Corn aphids tend to be light green to dark olive in colour and oat aphids olive-green to black in colour. 30 Blunt tip on siphuncles Antennal segment VI Terminal process Basal portion Base ¼ as long as terminal process A definitive diagnostic character to distinguish between oat and corn aphids (both adults and nymphs) is the length of the terminal part of the antennae relative to the base of the antennae (see diagram above). SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 37 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Confused with/similar to These aphids can be confused with each other and other minor cereal aphids (e.g. rose-grain aphid, grain aphid and rice root aphid). Distribution, pest status and risk period Cereal aphids can be found all year round and on all cereal crop growth stages. They sometimes cause feeding damage to cereals when there is a rapid increase in their reproduction and populations rise above economically damaging levels, usually in spring. The two major cereal aphids can vector plant diseases such as barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). This is more common in high rainfall cropping zones where virusinfected self-sown cereals and grasses are present, along with large numbers of aphids during the early growth stages of new season crops. Crops attacked/host range Oat aphids mainly attack oats and wheat, but can occur on all cereals and grasses. Corn aphids mainly attack barley, but can also attack other cereals and grasses. Both aphid species may be found during summer/early autumn on a range of volunteer grasses (alternate host plants) and self-sown cereals. Damage symptoms Direct feeding damage by large numbers of aphids on plants can result in sap removal that can cause nutrient loss and plant-wilting. Visual symptoms are usually not very obvious until close inspection of leaf whorls and sheaths, where dark-coloured masses of aphids may be seen. In some cases, aphid colonies infest the seed heads and congregate in large numbers. Management options Biological Cultural Chemical Hover fly, lacewing larvae and ladybirds are known predators that help suppress populations. Aphid parasitoid wasps, evident by the presence of ‘mummies’. Naturally occuring aphid fungal diseases can dramatically affect populations. 38 Summer/autumn pre-season weed control by heavy grazing or herbicides to control alternate host plants (e.g. volunteer grasses and cereals). SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Large amounts of honeydew (aphid exudates) and black sooty mould may be seen in prolonged, severe cases. Monitoring/sampling Direct visual searches and/or sweep netting. Regular monitoring for cereal aphids should start in late winter and continue through to early spring with more frequent monitoring at the most vulnerable crop stage (stem elongation to late flowering). Check at least five points over the entire paddock including representative parts. Visually search for aphids on a minimum of 20 plants at each point and count the number of tillers infested with aphids. For aphid-prone areas (high rainfall), regular monitoring is recommended from crop emergence in autumn, to detect aphids moving into crops, particularly along paddock edges. Very few aphids are required to transmit BYDV from infected to healthy seedlings. If aphids are seen, it may be too late for control unless plants are at the early seedling stage. When widespread early infection occurs, BYDV can reduce grain yields by up to 50%. More commonly, the disease is confined to patches close to crop edges, where early aphid disease transmission occurred. Western Australian recommendations for aphid feeding damage action thresholds on cereals at tillering is to consider control if aphid populations exceed 15 aphids/ tiller on 50% of tillers for crops expected to yield 3 t/ha or more. Western Australian research on aphid feeding damage in the absence of BYDV demonstrated variable yield losses up to 10% and reduction in seed size with aphid infestations at these levels. BYDV control: Use of appropriate insecticide seed dressings and/or synthetic pyrethroid sprays in the first eight weeks of crop development. Aphid feeding damage: Seed treatments delay colonisation. Border spraying (e.g. autumn/early winter) when aphids begin to colonise crop edges may provide sufficient control. Selective chemicals (i.e. pirimicarb) should be considered because they are effective against aphids but relatively harmless to beneficial species and other non-targets. Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 70-71)/ Western (pp. 52-53).
Page 2 and 3:
© Department 2012 Department of Pr
Page 4 and 5:
Disclaimer The information provided
Page 6 and 7:
Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 8 and 9:
SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
Page 10 and 11:
What have I-spyed This flow chart c
Page 12 and 13:
SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
Page 14 and 15:
Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 16 and 17:
Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19:
Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21:
Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23:
Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25:
Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 44 and 45: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
Page 98 and 99: Confused with/similar to These two
Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
Page 128 and 129: Confused with/similar to These clos
Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133:
EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135:
Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137:
Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139:
More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141:
SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143:
The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145:
Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147:
Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149:
Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
Page 150 and 151:
Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153:
Selective insecticides The terms
Page 154 and 155:
Conserving the benefits of insectic
Page 156 and 157:
Step 4. What are the management opt
Page 158 and 159:
Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
Page 160 and 161:
Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
Page 162 and 163:
Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
Page 164 and 165:
6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
Page 166 and 167:
Introduction Monitoring pest and be
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Sending samples for identification
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
• The dynamics of the pest popula
Page 178 and 179:
Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
Page 180 and 181:
Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
Page 182 and 183:
Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 184 and 185:
Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 186 and 187:
Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
Page 188 and 189:
If you see anything unusual, call t
Page 190 and 191:
SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
Page 192 and 193:
Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
Page 194:
References The information in this
show all

Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?