Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchafer larvae usually only come to the surface to feed after rain and they take enough food into their tunnels for 7-10 days. Most damage occurs to pastures during late winter and at the seedling stage in cereals when larvae eat all the leaves. The amount of damage varies from year to year. YH cockchafers are primarily cereal root feeders and they will damage roots of young plants while foraging for soil organic matter. Damaged plants initially grow normally but wither and die at tillering, resulting in bare patches in the crop. Damage is worse under drought conditions as the plant’s capacity to replace severed roots is reduced. Monitoring/sampling Inspect susceptible paddocks prior to sowing. Check established pastures or weed growth in autumn to early winter, particularly in areas where bare batches were present over summer. Use a spade to remove soil from the ground and count the number of grubs. Grubs are usually found in the top 80 mm of moist soil. Repeat multiple times across the paddock. RH pasture cockchafers are primarily root feeders. Moisture stimulates the larvae to move closer to the soil surface in autumn where they feed on roots of newly emerging seedlings. High numbers of grubs sever the roots of pasture plants below the soil surface, which allows the pasture to be rolled back like a carpet. Damage can also result in completely bare regions within a paddock, ranging in size from small isolated patches to very large areas. Management options Biological Cultural Chemical For all cockchafers • Birds prey upon grubs and are most effective after cultivation or tillage. • Several predatory and parasitic flies and wasps. • Other general predatory invertebrates. • Fungal pathogen Metarhizium spp. Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 61-63)/ Western (p. 46). For WA cockchafers • If damage is anticipated, increase sowing rate for higher plant density. For BH • Avoid overgrazing of pastures as bare batches are more attractive to adults laying eggs during summer and early autumn. For YH and RH • Cultivation • Grazing of pasture during late spring, summer and autumn (for YH) and heavy grazing in spring (for RH). • Re-sow affected areas using a higher seeding rate. • Re-sowing is best done using a method which disturbs the soil surface, leaving grubs vulnerable to predation. • Sowing less palatable crops (e.g. oats). For WA cockchafers • Surface applications of insecticides are not effective. Chemical seed treatments or insecticides incorporated during seeding can assist in control. For BH • Foliar application of an insecticide is effective, particularly on young larvae before they begin to feed on green plant material. For YH and RH • Surface-applied insecticides are generally not effective given the subterranean feeding habits of larvae. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 21 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
TRUE WIREWORMS or CLICK BEETLES Coleoptera: Elateridae Various species Distinguishing characteristics/description larva 10 mm 20 30 40 50 Larva Flattened head and mouthparts oriented downwards Hardened skin (cuticle sclerotised) Elongated cylindrical body shape (eruciform) – slightly flattened. Slightly tapering at both ends – oval in cross section Short legs Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 There are numerous true wireworm species in Australia but they are not described in detail here and are only discussed at the family level. 22 Adult Flattened body Creamy yellow body colour with darker head region Point at the base of the thorax (pronotum) SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Two upturned spines Serrated dorsal plate Anal proleg Adults make a click sound when they flick themselves over after being placed on their backs. The lifecycle of many true wireworm species is not fully understood. The lifecycles of most pest species probably take more than a year to complete.
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 16 and 17: Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19: Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 26 and 27: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
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Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
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Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
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Understanding the lifecycle of pest
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Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
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Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
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WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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