Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Confused with/similar to Larvae are similar to those of the true wireworm (Elateridae) but are rounder in cross-section and not flattened or tapered. The predatory larvae of carabid beetles (Carabidae) are also easily misidentified as false wireworms and may be found in similar environments. Distribution, pest status and risk period False wireworms are common in fine textured soils, with high levels of organic matter. They are not usually a problem on compacted soil (e.g. tyre tracks). Stubble retention and trash can favour these pests and some species can attack successive crops. Both the larvae and adults may cause damage depending on the crop and time of year. Crops attacked/host range Vegetable beetles are minor pests that attack summer (e.g. sunflowers) and winter crops (e.g. emerging canola and cereals). Bronzed field beetle larvae and grey false wireworms can attack canola at emergence in some seasons. Damage symptoms Vegetable beetle larvae bore into germinating cereal seeds (especially when swelling) and chew on seedlings below ground level. Adults sometimes attack germinating canola at ground level, which results in ring-barking or completely cut stems. Bronzed field beetle larvae attack germinating canola above the ground and at the base of seedlings. Ringbarking and death of plants may occur. Grey false wireworm larvae attack germinating canola just below the ground, which results in damage to the crown and roots. Monitoring/sampling Check under stubble prior to sowing, particularly if the paddock is coming out of long term pasture. Early identification and detection of these pests (possibly using germinating seed traps prior to seeding) is important. Seed treatments can be applied to prevent damaged areas when pest numbers are high. It is important to be aware of the crop growth stage as cotyledons are most susceptible, whilst advanced plants will be able to out-grow moderate pest pressure. Management options Biological Cultural Chemical Carabid beetle larvae feed on soil-dwelling insects, including wireworms, but are usually not in high enough numbers to effectively control large pest populations. There are no other known parasites, predators or pathogens that effectively control wireworms in crops. Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 56-59)/ Western (pp. 43, 45). Removing excess stubble and trash is an effective strategy where this pest is a problem in successive years. Early sowing and crop establishment prior to egg hatching may result in plants being able to outgrow damage. Re-sow affected areas using a higher seeding rate. Using a re-sowing method that disturbs the soil surface, leaving larvae vulnerable to predation, is recommended. Compacting soils post sowing to improve seedling vigor has been shown to have some benefit against grey false wireworm. Insecticidal seed dressings may offer some protection from moderate larval numbers. A foliar application can be used for partial control of bronzed field beetle larvae as they attack crops above ground. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 25 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
WEEVILS Coleoptera: Curculionidae The largest family of beetles. There are over 6,000 described species in Australia. Distinguishing characteristics/description Adult Elongation of front head and rostrum Antennae usually bent (elbowed) and clubbed. Situated on rostrum Rostrum (snout) Rigid body Thorax Elytra (hardened forewings). Membranous hindwings (concealed beneath forewing) may be present or absent Rostrum - shapes vary between genus/species Larva Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 26 Small hardened head capsule with small chewing mouth parts (mandibles) and antennae Legless (maggotlike) - no ‘true’ legs or prolegs As there are so many species, weevil identification is only discussed here at the family level. Broadacre weevil pests are not covered in detail in this manual. Only adult size differentiation and key field identification characters are shown. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Body colour usually creamy but can also be green/yellow Presence of hair (setae) can be highly variable from stout and distinct to short or absent Confused with/similar to It is difficult to distinguish between the larval stages of weevil species. Larval stages are legless (apodous), maggot-like in shape and may be confused with fly larvae which are also legless. Unlike weevils, most fly larvae do not have a well-defined head capsule.
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Page 26 and 27: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
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Understanding the lifecycle of pest
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Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
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Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
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WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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