Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera - half (hemi); wing (ptera) The order Hemiptera is divided into three groups (suborders) each with distinct features: • Auchenorrhyncha (leaf hoppers) - pairs of wings similar in structure (not shape); • Heteroptera (e.g. nabids, assassin bugs and shield bugs) - forewings have half of the wing thickened (hardened) to form a hard leathery cover and a softer membranous rear wing; • Sternorrhyncha (e.g. aphids, scale insects, lerps and mealy bugs) - pairs of wings similar in structure (not shape). Some can be wingless. There are 6,000 hemipteran species described in Australia, in 100 different families. Main characteristics Nymphs Most resemble adults but are smaller, wingless and less developed. Adult forms While the appearance of bugs varies widely, most bugs have two pairs of wings. Some adult forms are wingless (e.g. aphids). Bugs have piercing and sucking mouthparts which are often modified to form a hardened stylet/ rostrum/proboscis or beak. The proboscis of bugs contains cutting blades and a two-channelled tube. Bugs feed by cutting into a plant or animal and sending saliva down one of the tubes to begin digestion. The liquid food is then sucked up the other tube. When insects are resting, the proboscis is often tucked up under the body between the legs. Lifecycle Incomplete metamorphosis. Groups (families) relevant to broadacre cropping Aphids (F: Aphididae): There are many pest aphid species, including a key biosecurity threat. Aphids are covered in detail in this section on page 34. Leafhoppers (F: Cicadellidae): Leafhoppers are generally small, green insects that puncture leaves and may leave a pattern of bleached marks. They are minor and sporadic pests in broadacre crops. Leafhoppers are not covered in this manual. For further information refer to Ute Guides, Southern (p. 80)/Western (p. 61). Mirids (SF: Miridae): Mirids are similar to leaf hoppers. Some mirids are predatory. Mirids are not covered in this manual. For further information refer to Ute Guides, Southern (p. 69)/Western (p. 51). Seed Bugs (SF: Lygaeoidea): Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor) belongs to this family and it is a common but sporadic native pest in broadacre crops. It can breed abundantly, if rain allows flowering and seed set of plants in warm weather. Nymphs are different in colour and shape to adults. Seed bugs are not covered in this manual. For further information on Rutherglen bugs refer to Ute Guides, Southern (p. 65)/Western (p. 49). Shield and stink bugs (F: Pentatomidae): This family contains both beneficial insects (e.g. the glossy shield bug, Cermatulus nasalis) and some sporadic pests, which are more common in warmer climates (e.g. the green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula). Shield and stink bugs are not covered in this manual. For further information refer to Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 66-68)/Western (p. 50, 117, 118). Nabids (F: Nabidae): These bugs are predators, attacking a wide range of prey. Nabids are also called damsel bugs and tend to be more delicate in structure than assassin bugs. Nabids can also eat plants and are regarded as omnivores. They are covered in this section on page 47. Assassin bugs (F: Reduviidae): These bugs are predators, attacking a wide range of prey. Assassin bugs are not covered in this manual. For further information refer to Ute Guides, Southern (p. 142)/Western (p. 120). SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 33 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
CROP APHIDS Hemiptera: Aphididae Key aphid characteristics • Piercing sucking mouthpart - needle-like mouthpart (stylet/proboscis) on the underside of the body. • Siphuncles (cornicles) - paired tube-like projections (on 5 th abdominal segment); wax secreting structures; characteristic shape and size. • Cauda - tail-like process terminating the abdomen; characteristic size, shape and hair pattern. • Segmented antennae – 4 to 6 segments; last antennal segment can be characteristic (e.g. length of terminal segment relative to the base segment). • Tubercle - small humps on the forehead between antennae. • Wings - adults can have wings or be wingless. Compound eye Antennal or frontal tubercle Variations in last antennal segment Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 34 Compound eye Abdomen Abdominal spiracle Head Cauda antenna iii ii i Source: Modified from Krono & Papp (1977) SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species iv Cauda Cornicle (Siphunculus) v vi Rostrum ii Tarsus Femur i Tibia Tibia i vi Source: Modified from Krono & Papp (1977) Side view of abdomen Siphunculus Segment 8 Genital aperture Source: Modified from Blackman and Eastop (2000) ii Tarsus Base TP process Base Terminal Base Terminal process Cauda
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Page 28 and 29: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 44 and 45: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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