Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Table 6.1 Row length estimates for different crop row spacings 4 Crop row spacing (cm) Relationship of crop row width for a sampling area 1/10 m² Row length (cm) (Row length x inter-row gap = 1/10 m²) 100 10 35.5 28.2 30 33.3 25 40.0 20 50.0 17.5 57.1 15 66.7 10 100 5 200 Confidence in monitoring crops This is influenced by: • Sampling technique. This will vary depending on the time of year and crop type; • Allowing sufficient time to accurately assess (and identify) pest levels. It may take more than one hour to accurately assess a large paddock for pest populations that are close to ET levels. It will take less time if levels are well above or well below ET; • Frequency of monitoring. Infrequent checks or missing the critical periods can be costly and give the false impression that pests have appeared suddenly, when in reality, they may have been building up over several weeks. For example, a native budworm moth flight may have gone unnoticed and the resultant small larvae may have been present in a pea crop weeks before flowering. Extensive damage to newly formed field pea pods by large larvae would have easily been identified if earlier pre-flowering sweep net sampling was performed; • Proportioning damage where there are a number of issues. Crops can show signs of invertebrate feeding damage together with one or more other stresses such as nutrient deficiency, disease, frost damage and moisture stress. Confidence in monitoring will result in improved IPM decision making. Sampling techniques SECTION 6 MONITORING, RECORD KEEPING, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS Visual observations Finding pests can sometimes be difficult for the inexperienced observer because of their small size, inconspicuous colours and/or because they hide by day. Some tips are provided below to assist with monitoring. • Digging over the upper soil surface to uncover hidden pests (e.g. cutworm larvae, false wireworms and cockchafers). A suitable-sized soil sieve can be useful to separate insects from dry soil. Inspect underground root systems and soil beneath plants showing poor growth symptoms and yellowing for underground species (e.g. Desiantha larvae or adult African black beetles). • Tiller and flower inspections. While walking through a crop, inspect random cereal tillers, or canola or lupin flowering and podding spikes. Record each observation point to work out an average number per tiller or flower spike. Use especially for monitoring aphid populations. Length of stem covered in aphids can also be recorded (see p. 7). • Physically uncover by sifting through plant material such as stubble and leaf litter for ground-dwelling insects (e.g. wireworms, weevils, earwigs and slugs) and also in the inter-row spaces (e.g. armyworms). Turn over bits of wood, stones and soil clods to find sheltering pests (e.g. weevils and slugs). • Spraying small patches of crop (e.g. few square metres) with an insecticide can kill off whatever pests are in the sample area. Inspection of this sprayed area early on the following day may expose hidden pests (e.g. weevils, false wireworms and cutworm). Laying trails of poison baits overnight and checking early on the following morning will reveal areas of a paddock where snails and slugs are most prevalent.
Suction sampling Suction sampling is a sampling method that uses a vacuum machine (sometimes called D-vac). Suction sampling is most effective in dry, upright vegetation
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Identification Keys Larval forms to
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Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
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Beetles (adults) to main families/s
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Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
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SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
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Groups (families) relevant to broad
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ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
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CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
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Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
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BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
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Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
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BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
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COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
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Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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White fringed weevil Small lucerne
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LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
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CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
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BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
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General aphid lifecycle and biology
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CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
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CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
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CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
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PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
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Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
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DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
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PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
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Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Confused with/similar to These two
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Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
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HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
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EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
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Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
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SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
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SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Management options Thresholds for c
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Management options No thresholds es
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Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135: Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137: Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139: More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141: SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143: The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145: Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147: Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149: Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
Page 150 and 151: Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153: Selective insecticides The terms
Page 154 and 155: Conserving the benefits of insectic
Page 156 and 157: Step 4. What are the management opt
Page 158 and 159: Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
Page 160 and 161: Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
Page 162 and 163: Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
Page 164 and 165: 6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
Page 166 and 167: Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Page 172 and 173: Sending samples for identification
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Page 176 and 177: • The dynamics of the pest popula
Page 178 and 179: Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
Page 180 and 181: Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
Page 182 and 183: Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 184 and 185: Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 186 and 187: Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
Page 188 and 189: If you see anything unusual, call t
Page 190 and 191: SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
Page 192 and 193: Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
Page 194: References The information in this
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