Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Confused with/similar to These closely-related species are difficult to tell apart and identification requires specialist knowledge. They can also be confused with other wasps. Reporting protocol A rapid response to detection of potential exotic pests can be the key to containment, eradication or management. If you see anything unusual, call the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881. Distribution and potential spread Wheat stem sawfly occurs in North America and the European wheat stem sawfly occurs in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. Adults of both these species are weak flyers and transportation of larvae and pupae in straw is the most likely source of long-distance dispersal. Crops attacked/host range Female wasps lay eggs in large, hollow-stemmed grasses such as wheat, rye, triticale, barley, oats and many other cultivated and wild grasses. Host plants are only susceptible to oviposition after stem elongation. Damage symptoms Larval feeding reduces yield and quality. Larvae bore into stems and nodes, making a discoloured tunnel and leaving frass throughout. Mature larvae cut a notch around the inside circumference of lower stems. Damage varies depending on the year, locality, host plant and cultivar. The most obvious damage (caused by tunnelling and pupation) is weakening and clean cutting of stems and the subsequent lodging and loss of grain. Darkened spots can be visible on stems below nodes. This is a result of damage to the conducting tissue within the plant and the accumulation of impassable carbohydrates. Surveillance Damaged stems should be cut open to reveal eggs and larvae. Infested stems will contain saw-like frass inside. Any insect that resembles these wasps must be sent to a specialist for identification. Early detection of plant pests can greatly increase the chance of successful eradication and reduce the cost and social impact of an incursion. Incorporate surveillance for exotic pests when undertaking routine crop monitoring and other crop detection and measurement activities. Speak to your department of primary industries or department of agriculture before sending any samples. It is essential that the correct sampling protocol is followed including packaging, handling and transport to the laboratory assigned for diagnosis. Incorrect handling could spread the pest further or render the samples unfit for identification. Stop the movement of people, vehicles and equipment in the detected area until a confirmation can be made. More information Plant Health Australia website www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/grains Ute Guides, Southern (p. 173)/Western (p. 140). SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 83 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
WASP PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae Various species - approximately 2000 species in Australia. Specialists (parasites and parasitoids) and transient BENEFICIAL Distinguishing characteristics/description Ichneumonidae adult 10 mm 20 30 though can vary from 2-120 mm *General body appearance: elongated and slender - long antennae (filiform) and legs highly variable in colour from orange to black, with or without markings Ichneumonidae wing venation to distinguish from braconids Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 84 Diadromus collaris Diadegma semiclausum Netelia producta * indicates character for all species *Waist constriction between thorax and abdomen SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species *Long and thin exposed ovipositor (females) Light coloured legs Orange coloured body and legs *Wing venation can vary depending on genera (e.g. fused or no veins). Forewing 2mcu vein is always present *Wing venation full and many veins usually extend to the wing margin Diamondback moth cocoon (top) and cocoon of D. semiclausum inside diamondback moth cocoon (bottom), resulting in darkened cocoon with rounded ends
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Identification Keys Larval forms to
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Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
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Beetles (adults) to main families/s
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Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
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SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
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Groups (families) relevant to broad
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ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
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CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
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Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
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BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
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Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
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BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
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COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
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Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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White fringed weevil Small lucerne
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LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
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CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135: Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137: Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139: More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141: SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143: The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145: Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147: Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149: Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
Page 150 and 151: Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153: Selective insecticides The terms
Page 154 and 155: Conserving the benefits of insectic
Page 156 and 157: Step 4. What are the management opt
Page 158 and 159: Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
Page 160 and 161: Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
Page 162 and 163: Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
Page 164 and 165: 6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
Page 166 and 167: Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Page 172 and 173: Sending samples for identification
Page 176 and 177: • The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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