Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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General aphid lifecycle and biology In Australia, most pest aphid species only produce females, which may be winged (alates) or wingless (apterae), and these give birth to live young. In other countries some aphid species have different (or altered) lifecycle phases (e.g. sexual/asexual) that are initiated by host-insect interactions and/or environmental conditions. Many aphids are plant host (crop) specific. Some aphids are vectors of crop diseases that can be detrimental to growth and limit yield. These diseases include barley yellow dwarf virus in cereals, cucumber mosaic virus in lupin and pea seed borne mosaic virus in field peas. These viruses have the largest yield impact when they are introduced early in the life of the crop, usually within the first ten weeks of growth. Aphids are efficient in spreading diseases due to their sap-sucking mouthparts. Transmission occurs via feeding on the vascular tissue (phloem) of infected plants. Once the virus is picked up, it can be carried in the salivary glands or restricted to the stylet of the aphid. The virus can be carried for a long (persistent transmission) or short (nonpersistent) period of time after aphids feed on infected plants. These different modes of transmission influence the effectiveness of chemical sprays against virus spread. Figure 4.1 An example of an aphid lifecycle (Aphis sp.) Source: Modified from Blackman and Eastop (2000) Primary host plant eggs Spring migrants alate males apterous autumn migrants Summer/autumn Aphids require specific host plants for their survival. Aphid populations usually decline over summer. The availability of suitable host plants (e.g. specific weed families on roadsides and verges) allows populations to survive and increase. Winged aphids move into crops in autumn and aphid numbers will usually start to build up along crop edges. The formation of winged aphids and aphid movement generally increases when host plants are dying or when overcrowding occurs with high populations. Winter Low temperatures and heavy rainfall in winter often limit aphid populations. Nymphs go through several growth stages, moulting at each stage into a larger individual. Sometimes the delicate pale aphid skins or casts (the exoskeleton they have shed) can be seen. Nymphs do not have wings. Spring Spring often triggers a rapid increase in aphid numbers as increasing temperatures and flowering crops provide favourable breeding conditions. Most aphids form dense colonies before winged aphids are produced. These move onto surrounding plants further into the crop creating hot spots. In some seasons, aphids form large colonies (especially at flowering) and heavy infestations may produce large amounts of a sticky secretion (honeydew). Secondary host plant alate SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 35 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
APHID VIRUSES Aphids as virus vectors in pulse crops There are many aphid species that transmit viruses in pulse crops (Table 4.1). The major species are green peach aphid, cowpea aphid, pea aphid and bluegreen aphid but this list is not exclusive. Aphids spread viruses between plants by feeding and probing when they fly during autumn and spring. The ability to transmit particular viruses differs with each aphid species and viruses may be transmitted in a persistent or non-persistent manner. This influences the likelihood of plant infection (Figure 4.2). For non-persistent transmission, the virus is usually restricted to the stylet of the insect. This means virus spread generally only occurs over short distances and aphids only remain infective for periods from a few minutes up to a few hours. For persistently transmitted viruses, the virus is ingested, passes through the gut and then moves to the salivary glands where it can potentially be transmitted to other plants. The aphid retains the virus for the remainder of its life. Table 4.1 Some aphids known to transmit viruses in pulse crops Aphid Species Common Name Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus (PSbMV) Beet Western Yellows Virus (BWYV) Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 36 Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea ahid 50% Aphis craccivora Cowpea aphid 9.4% Acyrthosiphon kondoi Blue green aphid 6.1% Myzus persicae Green peach aphid 10.8% 96% Lipaphis erysimi Turnip aphid 3.9% Macrosiphum euphorbiae Potato aphid 14% Aphis gossypii Melon or cotton aphid Aulacorthum solani Foxglove aphid Brachycaudus helichrysi Leafcurl plum aphid Brevicoryne brassicae Cabbage aphid Hypermyzus lactucae Sowthistle aphid Myzus ascalonicus Shallot aphid Myzus ornatus Ornate aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis Corn aphid (in glasshouse) Rhopalosiphum padi Oat aphid (in glasshouse) Therioaphis trifolii Spotted alfalfa aphid Uroleucon sonchi Brown sowthistle aphid Note that many more vectors are listed for PsbMV and/or CMV. % is the virus transmission rate for various species Figure 4.2 Persistent versus non-persistent transmission of viruses Persistent transmission 1-2 hours feeding e.g. BWYV x SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Non-persistent transmission Instant transmission e.g. CMV, AMV Aphicides for non-persistent transmission are likely to be ineffective. Early management strategies are important. x References and further reading: Aftab and Freeman (2006) Temperate Pulse Viruses: Pea Seedborne Mosaic Virus (PSBMV) AG1267 DPI-Victoria Coutts and Jones (2006) Aust J Ag Res 57,975-982 Freeman and Aftab (2006) Temperate Pulse Viruses: Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) AG1207 DPI- Victoria ICTVdB Virus Descriptions http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ ICTVdB/00.039.0.02.003.htm Jones and Proudlove (1991) Ann App Biol 118, 319-329 Jones et al. (2008) Plant Path 57, 842- 853 McKirdy et al. (2005) Viruses diseases of chickpea Farmnote 16/97 www.agricwa. gov.au Nault et al. (2009) Environ Entomol 38, 1347-1359
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 44 and 45: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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