Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Lifecycles and development Having a basic understanding of a pest’s lifecycle and development is important to effectively manage pests. By looking at a pest’s lifecycle you can predict the occurrence of the most damaging stage to minimise/ avoid crop damage, or alternatively to target control at the most vulnerable life stage. Most insects have the same basic lifecycle, progressing from an egg through several immature stages until finally becoming an adult, capable of mating and reproduction. In the insect world there are two main ways to complete this lifecycle. These are described as either incomplete or complete metamorphosis, a Greek word meaning change. Nymphs or larvae hatch from eggs and their survival and development is dependant on environmental factors (particularly temperature and humidity) and the availability of suitable food. For example, the diamondback moth lifecycle in relation to temperature is as follows: - at 12 O C - lifecycle takes approx. 60 days - at 15 O C - lifecycle takes approx. 36 days - at 25 O C - lifecycle takes approx. 12 days - at 28 O C - lifecycle takes approx. 11 days Nymphs and larvae grow through a series of moults (immature stages). Entomologists refer to these different immature stages as instars, i.e. 1 st instar = just hatched, 2 nd instar = 2 nd immature growth stage, 3 rd instar = 3 rd immature growth stage and so on. The number of moults will vary depending on the species, but there are typically four to eight moults between hatching and becoming either an adult (for the nymph) or pupa (for the larva). In some species, only one cycle or generation occurs per year (e.g. the vegetable weevil) whilst in other species one generation can take years to complete (e.g. some cockchafer species). Multiple generations can also occur in one year depending on seasonal conditions (e.g. diamondback moth and aphids). Where several generations occur in a year, you can often find multiple lifestages of a species in a crop at the same time. SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, External Anatomy, Lifecycles and Development 5 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Lifecycles Incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabolism - gradual or partial change) Hemiptera Insects develop in three stages within this lifecycle: egg -> nymph -> adult An immature organism within this lifecycle is referred to as a nymph (plural nymphs). Incomplete metamorphosis is a development process in which the immature insect hatches from an egg (or is born live in some insects) and gradually turns into an adult through a series of moults. Nymphal stages resemble miniature adults but with some lack of development in general structure (e.g. wings). Their colour and markings can be very different. There are usually six to eight nymphal stages (moults) depending on the species and each successive nymph stage is slightly more developed and bigger in size than the previous stage. Nymphs usually have similar habits to adults. nymphs Insects that develop with incomplete metamorphosis include grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera), bugs (Hemiptera) and cockroaches (Blattodea). Lepidoptera Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 6 Complete metamorphosis (Holometabolism - complete or abrupt change) Insects develop in four stages within this lifecycle: egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult An immature organism within this lifecycle is referred to as a larva (plural larvae). Complete metamorphosis is a development process in which the immature insect bears no visual resemblance to, and acts differently from, the adult form. The larval stages (instars) are frequently grub-like in appearance. Wing-buds develop internally and cannot be seen in older larvae. The pupa (plural pupae) is a transition stage (often contained within a cocoon/capsule), where larval characters are lost and the adult features develop. Insects that develop with complete metamorphosis include moths e.g. budworms, armyworms (Lepidoptera), flies e.g. hoverflies and onion maggot flies (Diptera), beetles e.g. cockchafers and weevils (Coleoptera), and wasps e.g. parasitoids of aphids and moths (Hymenoptera). Pupae Pupae SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, External Anatomy, Lifecycles and Development Adult Coleoptera Adult Egg larva or caterpillar Egg larva or caterpillar
Page 2 and 3: © Department 2012 Department of Pr
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer The information provided
Page 6 and 7: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 8 and 9: SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
Page 10 and 11: What have I-spyed This flow chart c
Page 12 and 13: SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
Page 14 and 15: Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 18 and 19: Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
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Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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White fringed weevil Small lucerne
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LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
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CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
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BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
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General aphid lifecycle and biology
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CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
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CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
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CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
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PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
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Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
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DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
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PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
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Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Confused with/similar to These two
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Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
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HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
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EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
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Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
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SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
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SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Management options Thresholds for c
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Management options No thresholds es
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Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
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Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
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Understanding the lifecycle of pest
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Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
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Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
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WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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