Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Native budworm (Helicoverpa punctigera), Lesser budworm (Heliothis punctifera) and Corn earworm/cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) Distinguishing characteristics/description larva 10 mm 20 30 40 50 adult Larva wingspan Stout hair over the body with pigmentation around the base Rear portion of body sharply angled downward from 8 th abdominal segment Often broad lighter coloured strip along each side of the body with a darker strip down centre Dark spiracles in lighter colour band Source: Modified from Goodyer (1978) Adult Black hairs around head region Native budworm Corn earworm Lesser budworm Male Female White hairs around head region Saddle Male Female White hairs over whole body Male Female SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 11 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Confused with/similar to Armyworm and cutworm in general appearance and size. All budworms are at their most damaging when they feed on the fruiting parts and seeds of plants. Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Distribution, pest status and risk period Native budworm: Occurs in most years and often migrates into agricultural areas from nearby pastoral areas. It is a native species and is usually easily controlled with insecticides. Lesser budworm: Infrequent pest. Corn earworm/cotton bollworm: Rarely found in dryland broadacre crops but often associated with irrigated and/or horticultural crops. This pest is known to develop strong resistance to insecticides and can be difficult to control. Crops attacked/host range Native budworm: Broad leaf and legume crops such as field pea, faba bean, lentil, chickpea, lupin and canola. Pastures such as pasture serradalla, lucerne, annual medic and clovers. Only occasionally feeds on cereals and some grasses. Lesser budworm: Wide host range, will feed on both broad leaf grasses and cereals. Corn earworm/cotton bollworm: Wide host range. Damage symptoms Holes or chewing damage may be seen on pods and/or seed heads. Grubs may be seen occasionally. 12 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Losses attributed to budworms come from direct weight loss through seeds being wholly or partly eaten. Grain quality may also be downgraded through unacceptable levels of chewed grain. Monitoring/sampling The quickest and easiest method to sample most crops is sweep netting. Multiples of 10 sweeps should be taken in several parts of the crop and larval numbers averaged. Management options Caterpillars eat increasing quantities of seed and plant material as they grow. The last two growth stages (5 th & 6 th instar) account for over 90% of their total grain consumption. Field pea, chickpea, lentil and faba bean crops are very susceptible to all sizes of native budworm caterpillars during the formation and development of pods. Small caterpillars can enter emerging pods and damage developing seed while larger caterpillars may devour the entire pod contents. Narrow-leafed lupin and canola crops will not be damaged by native budworm until they are close to maturity and leaf fall commences. For lesser budworm, the same principles as native budworm can be applied. For corn earworm, please refer to DEEDI website. Biological Cultural Chemical Naturally-occurring insect fungal diseases and viruses can be very successful in some seasons. Predatory shield bugs, damsel bugs and fly parasites may also be active in preventing serious outbreaks. Parasites include the orange and two-toned caterpillar parasite (Heteropelma scaposum) and the orchid dupe (Lissopimpla excelsa). Refer to Southern (pp. 120 & 122) and Western (pp. 96-97) Ute Guides for more detail. Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 18-20)/Western (pp. 17-19). Swathing canola or desiccating pulse crops such as field peas may be an option to advance the drying of crops when small/medium size larvae are present. For corn earworm refer to DEEDI website. Native budworm and lesser budworm are easily controlled by synthetic pyrethroids. Corn earworm are known to have insecticide resistant populations. Use of Bt and NPV biological insecticides are important IPM options.
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
Page 6 and 7: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 8 and 9: SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
Page 10 and 11: What have I-spyed This flow chart c
Page 12 and 13: SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
Page 14 and 15: Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 16 and 17: Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19: Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
Page 98 and 99: Confused with/similar to These two
Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
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Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
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SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
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SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Management options Thresholds for c
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Management options No thresholds es
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Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
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Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
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Understanding the lifecycle of pest
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Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
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Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
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WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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