Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips or jagged holes in the leaves are typical of earwig damage. Confused with/similar to Native earwigs and the European earwig are similar to other earwig species. Earwigs are sometimes confused with staphylinid beetles, but they can be distinguished from the latter by the presence of pincer-like cerci. Distribution, pest status and risk period European earwigs are an introduced pest into Australia and were first recorded around 1930. They were recorded as crop pests in WA in the early 1990’s and have since been spreading, although their distribution appears to be patchy and isolated. They are also commonly found in eastern Australia. The European earwig’s native climate is cool and relatively humid. Although adults have wings, they rarely fly and are mainly spread to new areas and crops by human activity. They can be transported in contaminated seed, pot plants, cardboard boxes, machinery and vehicles. Once introduced, earwigs slowly spread from the original infestation to neighbouring properties. Crop and pasture residues on the soil surface enhance earwig survival and breeding, allowing large populations to build up during autumn and early winter. Crops and pastures sown into these high risk paddocks are most vulnerable to attack by pest earwigs. Native earwigs are widespread throughout Australia. They are generally found either individually or in low numbers under rocks or wood. This contrasts to the European earwig which is more commonly seen congregating in high numbers. Native species rarely exceed 40 mm long and are generally elongated, flattened and have smooth, shiny bodies that are mainly brown to black in colour. Labidura truncata is a common large native earwig (about 35 mm) that is considered beneficial because of it’s preference to feed on caterpillars and other softbodied invertebrates. It captures prey with its pincers and holds them while feeding. Crops attacked/host range European earwigs attack a variety of crops. Crop seedlings, particularly canola, cereals and pulse crops are the most susceptible. Native earwigs are omnivorous, eating a wide variety of plant and animal material and they are rarely known as crop pests. Many species live primarily on a diet of plant matter, both living and decaying. They also consume dead insects and other organisms. Damage symptoms European earwigs often feed at night, starting along paddock edges and moving deeper into the crop with time. Shredded leaf tips or jagged holes in the leaves are typical of earwig damage. In severe infestations, European earwigs can completely defoliate young seedlings leaving only stems or bare ground in the crop (which corresponds to the highest earwig populations). European earwigs may become a contaminant of harvested grain. They shelter in crop windrows (swaths) and may be collected with the seed at harvest. If earwig numbers are high, the harvested grain may be rejected or require cleaning, ultimately reducing profits. Native earwigs rarely cause crop damage to southern Australian grain crops. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 61 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Monitoring/sampling Inspect establishing crops with bare or thinning patches. Look under wood, rocks and plant residues for earwigs. Inspect paddocks on warm, moist nights using a torch to detect feeding earwigs. Carpet squares, tiles or terracotta pots can be left out for several nights in suspected risk areas and then inspected for earwigs that may shelter beneath these refuges. Management options Biological Cultural Chemical All earwigs will predate on themselves. Stubble management and cultivation will reduce earwig breeding sites. Carbaryl is registered for control of earwigs in some situations. Pest numbers of earwigs may be controlled by high populations of carabid beetles. Various vertebrate pests such as birds and lizards will feed on earwigs. Burning stubbles has shown some success. Early season burning is preferable. Aim for an even paddock burn or patch burn known affected areas. Note: burning may not be the preferred option because of the risk of wind erosion. Grazing pasture paddocks to below 1.5 t/ha of feed on offer in spring will reduce earwig numbers. Insecticide seed dressings may also give some control of moderate pest levels. Baiting with a mixture of cracked wheat, sunflower oil and chlorpyrifos has had some success. Best results are obtained in autumn before alternative food sources are available. Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Ute Guides, Southern (p. 88)/ Western (p. 69). 62 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Early season weed control of affected paddocks, fence-lines, rock-heaps or other habitats will help to minimise survival.
Page 2 and 3:
© Department 2012 Department of Pr
Page 4 and 5:
Disclaimer The information provided
Page 6 and 7:
Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 8 and 9:
SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
Page 10 and 11:
What have I-spyed This flow chart c
Page 12 and 13:
SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
Page 14 and 15:
Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 16 and 17:
Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19:
Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21:
Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23:
Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25:
Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33:
Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35:
Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37:
Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49:
Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51:
ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53:
CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55:
Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
Page 98 and 99: Confused with/similar to These two
Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
Page 128 and 129: Confused with/similar to These clos
Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135: Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137: Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139: More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141: SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143: The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145: Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147: Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149: Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
Page 150 and 151: Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153: Selective insecticides The terms
Page 154 and 155: Conserving the benefits of insectic
Page 156 and 157:
Step 4. What are the management opt
Page 158 and 159:
Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
Page 160 and 161:
Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
Page 162 and 163:
Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
Page 164 and 165:
6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
Page 166 and 167:
Introduction Monitoring pest and be
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Sending samples for identification
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
• The dynamics of the pest popula
Page 178 and 179:
Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
Page 180 and 181:
Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
Page 182 and 183:
Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 184 and 185:
Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 186 and 187:
Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
Page 188 and 189:
If you see anything unusual, call t
Page 190 and 191:
SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
Page 192 and 193:
Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
Page 194:
References The information in this
show all

Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?