Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Confused with/similar to Larvae are similar to those of false wireworms (Tenebrionidae) but are flatter in appearance and can grow larger. The predatory larvae of carabid beetles (Carabidae) are also easily misidentified as wireworms and may be found in similar environments. Distribution, pest status and risk period True wireworms are more common on wetter soils and are found under plant debris and in the soil. They can be found together with false wireworms and, when this occurs, true wireworms are usually more numerous than false wireworms in some regions. Larvae are soil-dwelling pests that can be very damaging to cereals during crop emergence. This is rarely the case in WA and sporadic in other southern states. Crops attacked/host range Germinating cereals are most at risk. Crops following long term pasture (fallow for 4-5 years) as well as crops sown on recently cultivated land are more susceptible. Stubble retention and trash can also favour these pests. Damage symptoms Larvae feed on seed and bore into the underground stems of cereal plants. They may also damage the roots of seedlings. Germinating seedlings can be ring-barked and hypocotyls severed just below the soil surface. Plants wither and die after emergence and damage can result in a thinned crop or bare patches, which become visible shortly after crop emergence. Monitoring/sampling Check under stubble prior to sowing, especially if coming out of long term pasture. Early identification and detection of these pests prior to seeding and applying a treatment at seeding will prevent additional costs of re-sowing damaged areas. As a threshold guide, around 10 larvae/m 2 may warrant control. Average densities of approximately 40 larvae/m 2 can cause enough damage to necessitate re-sowing. Management options Biological Cultural Chemical Carabid beetle larvae feed on soil-dwelling insects, including wireworms, but are usually not in high enough numbers to effectively control large pest populations. There are no other known parasites, predators or pathogens that effectively control wireworms in cereal crops. Southern Ute Guide (p. 60). Removing excess stubble and trash is an effective strategy where this resident pest is a problem in continuous years. Re-sow affected areas using a higher seeding rate. Using a re-sowing method that disturbs the soil surface, leaving larvae vulnerable to predation, is recommended. Insecticidal seed dressings may offer some protection from moderate larval numbers. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 23 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
FALSE WIREWORMS or MEALWORMS Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Various species Distinguishing characteristics/description Larva Adult *Head and mouthparts oriented downwards *Short legs (stronger pair of front legs) *Simple (threadlike) antennae Dome-shaped body usually brown in colour and covered in soil Striations (pits) on elytra (wing covers) *Elongated cylindrical body shape (eruciform) with ring like segmentation – round in cross section *Hardened skin (cuticle sclerotised) Two upturned spines Vegetable beetle Gonocephalum spp. Grey false wireworm Isopteran sp. Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Bronzed field beetle Adelium brevicorne larva adult 24 10 mm 20 Shiny creamytan in colour larva adult Dark grey to black in colour 10 mm Shiny uniformly dark brown in colour Shiny black to bronze in colour 30 40 50 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species 20 30 40 50 larva adult Flattened and dull brown in colour Eastern false wireworm Pterohelaeus sp. Cream-tan to yellow-orange in colour with darker rings larva adult * indicates character for all species 10 mm 10 mm 20 20 Shiny browngreyish in colour with paler under parts 30 40 50 Dull black in colour with flanged edges 30 40 50
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19: Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 26 and 27: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
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Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
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Understanding the lifecycle of pest
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Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
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Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
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WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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