Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), Turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) Distinguishing characteristics/description 10 mm 20 Cabbage aphid adult 30 for all species Dark head and thorax Turnip aphid Dull greygreen in colour Tips of siphuncles do not reach base of cauda Form dense colonies (appear bluish grey) with a fine, whitish powder covering. Often found on flowering spikes and early pods Green peach aphid Dark bars on abdomen (dorsal) of adults and later instars Dark abdominal patch on winged adults Pale yellowgreen, green, orange or pinkish in colour Tubercles turned inwards Oval-shaped Siphuncles longer than cabbage and turnip aphids Tips of siphuncles nearly reach base of cauda Form dense colonies with a WAXY covering (less pronounced than powdery cover of cabbage aphids). Often found on flowering spikes and early pods Mainly found sparsely distributed on undersides of leaves SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 41 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Confused with/similar to Cabbage, turnip and green peach aphids can be confused with each other and some pulse aphids. Distribution, pest status and risk period Cabbage and turnip aphid infestations occur most frequently from early flowering to late pod development. They are most prolific in autumn and spring when the warm weather enables them to rapidly multiply. Rates of development reduce over winter. Canola is most vulnerable to aphid damage during bud formation through to late flowering. The cabbage aphid is more tolerant of cold weather than the turnip aphid and will continue to develop slowly at temperatures around 5-9 o C. Green peach aphids are most common in autumn and seldom cause economic loss to canola crops. However, they are an important vector of plant diseases such as cucumber mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic virus and beet western yellows virus in canola (see p. 36). Crops attacked/host range Cabbage and turnip aphid host plants are generally restricted to the crops and weeds belonging to the cruciferous plant family. Green peach aphid may also cause indirect damage by spreading plant viruses. Heavy infestations, particularly at flowering, can lead to large amounts of honeydew and black sooty mould. Cabbage and turnip aphids usually form dense colonies on the floral parts, especially at the maturing, terminal flowering spike. Colonies on leaves often become evident by the distortion and discoloration (yellowing) of infested parts. Younger developing plant parts are preferred to older senescing parts. Green peach aphids are usually found on the lower surface of basal, senescing leaves. They do not generally form dense colonies or cause leaf distortion. Large numbers occasionally occur on young, vegetative canola. Monitoring/sampling Direct visual searches, sweep netting, yellow sticky traps or yellow pan traps. Monitoring for aphids should start in late winter and continue through early spring with regular checks at the most vulnerable crop stage (bud formation to late flowering). Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Green peach aphids will attack many plant families (including broad leaf pastures, pulse crops and oilseeds). Damage symptoms Aphids can cause direct feeding damage to plants, when in large numbers, as they remove sap. This reduces nutrient flow and can cause plant wilting. Management options 42 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species For disease-prone areas (high rainfall), regular aphid monitoring from autumn onwards is recommended to detect aphids moving into crops, particularly along paddock edges. Check at least five points over the entire paddock, including representative parts. Visually search for aphids on a minimum of 20 plants at each point and count the number of plants infested with aphids. If more than 20% of plants are infested, control measures should be considered to avoid yield losses. Biological Cultural Chemical Hover fly, lacewing larvae and ladybirds are effective predators and can help suppress populations. Aphid parasitoid wasps (evident by the presence of ‘mummies’). Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 73-75)/Western (pp. 54-56). Implementing early summer weed control in areas where aphids build up on alternate host plants (e.g. cruciferous weeds). Sow crops early where possible to enable plants to begin flowering before aphid numbers peak. Select cultivars that are less susceptible to aphid-feeding damage where possible. Seed treatments and border spraying (autumn/early winter) when aphids begin to colonise crop edges may provide sufficient control. Selective foliar spray (e.g. pirimicarb). Insecticide resistance is common in some Australian aphid populations. Chemical rotation of insecticide groups will reduce the onset of resistance.
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Identification Keys Larval forms to
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Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
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Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 44 and 45: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105: EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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