Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Common cutworm or Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa), Brown or Pink cutworm (Agrotis munda) and Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) Distinguishing characteristics/description 10 mm 20 30 40 50 larva adult wingspan No distinct lines on sides of body and subtle longitudinal line may be present along midline upper (dorsal) surface Larva 8 th abdominal segment spiracle (breathing hole) Spiracles Dark head region 4 abdominal prolegs Adult Stout bodies covered with dense scales Plump, smooth, and greasy appearance with relatively few stout hairs with dark pigmentation at their base Pink cutworm Black cutworm Bogong moth 4 abdominal prolegs Cervical shield stripe can be present or absent Forewing: brownish with darker markings and streaks. Large inner light mark and darker outer mark. Hindwing: pale with dark edging Forewing: brown or grey-black. Dark arrow-mark streak broken by 2 dark ringed dots. Outer margin is streaked. Hindwing: pale with darker edging Forewing: Dark brown or grey black. Dark arrow-mark streak broken by 2 light dots. Hindwing: pale with darker edging SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 7 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Adult colouration can be highly variable. Larvae are plump and smooth (greasy appearance) and will vary in colour depending on the instar and species. The larva of the pink cutworm is usually found in sandy soils and is grey-green with a pink tinge. The larva of the bogong moth is dark grey. Larvae are mostly nocturnal. They generally hide under the soil surface or litter and come out at night to feed, although at least one species may be found feeding above ground during the day. The caterpillars often curl up when disturbed. Confused with/similar to Larvae of these three main pest species are very similar to each other and distinguishing characters are obscure. They may also be confused with the biosecurity threat, the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum). Distribution, pest status and risk period Widely distributed with various other species. They are most damaging when caterpillars transfer from summer and autmun weeds onto newly emerged seedlings. They can have several generations per year. Crops attacked/host range Cutworms will attack all crops and pasture plants (polyphagous) but are at their most damaging when they feed on newly-emerged cereal and pasture seedlings. 8 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Damage symptoms Large caterpillars will chew through or cut off the stems of young seedlings, hence the name cutworm. Whole paddocks of cereal or legume seedlings may be destroyed or severely thinned in the presence of high populations of large cutworm larvae early in the season. Larvae feed at or near ground level. When small, the larvae feed on the surface tissues of the tender foliage. This surface feeding may be confused with damage caused by lucerne flea or other small caterpillars. Monitoring/sampling A suggested monitoring procedure is to: • look for patches of newly emerged crops with seedlings cut off; • scratch the soil layers close to recently damaged seedlings to reveal hidden larvae; • use a shovel to sample for grubs by scraping off the top 50mm of soil near freshly damaged plants. Flick the soil off the shovel so that it spreads in a thin layer, revealing the grubs. Do this in several places near damaged areas; • use a backpack sprayer to spray out small areas. Check the following morning for dead grubs which can be found on the soil surface. Management options These are not regular pests, but large areas may be affected in some seasons. Extensive damage can occur if more than 3 larvae/m 2 are found. Spot spraying, or spraying a 20 metre buffer around the infestation, may provide adequate control. Spraying in the evening is likely to be more effective. Biological Cultural Chemical Naturally occurring insect fungal diseases are successful in some seasons. Wasp and fly parasites are also very active in preventing more frequent and serious outbreaks. Parasites include the orange and two-toned caterpillar parasite, (Heteropelma scaposum) and the orchid dupe (Lissopimpla excelsa). Refer to Southern (pp. 120 & 122)/ Western (pp. 96-97) Ute Guides for more detail. Ute Guides, Southern (p.23, 24)/Western(p22, 23) Prolonged autumn green feed in many areas may allow larvae to develop to a large size by the time crops emerge. Early control of this plant material (green bridge) using a herbicide to create a complete brown-out for two weeks preplanting, will minimise larval survival. Cutworm caterpillars are usually easy to control with label rates of synthetic pyrethroid chemicals (refer to currently registered products).
Page 2 and 3: © Department 2012 Department of Pr
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer The information provided
Page 6 and 7: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 8 and 9: SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
Page 10 and 11: What have I-spyed This flow chart c
Page 12 and 13: SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
Page 14 and 15: Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 16 and 17: Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19: Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 50 and 51: ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
Page 98 and 99: Confused with/similar to These two
Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103:
HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 104 and 105:
EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
Page 106 and 107:
Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109:
SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111:
SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113:
Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115:
Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117:
Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119:
Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121:
Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123:
Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125:
Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127:
WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
Page 128 and 129:
Confused with/similar to These clos
Page 130 and 131:
BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133:
EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135:
Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137:
Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139:
More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141:
SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143:
The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145:
Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147:
Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149:
Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
Page 150 and 151:
Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153:
Selective insecticides The terms
Page 154 and 155:
Conserving the benefits of insectic
Page 156 and 157:
Step 4. What are the management opt
Page 158 and 159:
Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
Page 160 and 161:
Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
Page 162 and 163:
Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
Page 164 and 165:
6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
Page 166 and 167:
Introduction Monitoring pest and be
Page 168 and 169:
Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Sending samples for identification
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
• The dynamics of the pest popula
Page 178 and 179:
Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
Page 180 and 181:
Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
Page 182 and 183:
Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 184 and 185:
Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 186 and 187:
Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
Page 188 and 189:
If you see anything unusual, call t
Page 190 and 191:
SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
Page 192 and 193:
Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
Page 194:
References The information in this
show all

Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?