Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Common armyworm (Leucania convecta), Southern armyworm or barley grub (Persectania ewingii), Inland armyworm (Persectania dyscrita) and Sugarcane armyworm (Leucania stenographa - WA only) Distinguishing characteristics/description larva adult Larva 10 mm 20 30 40 50 wingspan Three stripes on cervical shield and along entire body to tail Head Cervical shield (neck) 4 abdominal prolegs Last abdominal segment Source: Modified from Goodyer (1978) Adult Common armyworm Southern armyworm Inland armyworm Forewing: dull red-brown or yellow-brown speckled with small black dots and a small white centred mark. Hindwing: grey Forewing: reddish-brown and streaked with white on edges. Silvery fish (or submarine) shape in centre is closed. Hindwing: dark grey Forewing: reddish-brown and streaked with white on edges. Silvery fish (or submarine) shape is open (looks like two dots). Hindwing: dark grey SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 5 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
Larvae are mostly nocturnal. They burrow into the soil or hide under leaf litter during the day. They may sometimes be found feeding during the day on the leaves, stems and heads of cereal crops. Confused with/similar to Larvae of these main pest species are very similar to each other and distinguishing characters are obscure. They can be distinguished by the position of the breathing holes (spiracles) in relation to a band on the side of the body. Distribution, pest status and risk period Armyworm populations are often sporadic. They may build up in an area over time in response to favourable seasonal conditions or suddenly migrate into an area on prevailing winds from a remote location. When in large numbers, armyworm larvae can eat their way across a paddock like an army on the march. This is occasionally seen in establishing pastures in autumn. Monitoring/sampling Assessing the numbers of armyworms in a cereal crop can be difficult as their movements will vary with weather conditions and feeding preference. Sometimes they are found sheltering on the ground and under leaf litter, while on other days they will be high up on the plants or on the heads, and easily picked up using sweep nets. They often prefer to feed on ryegrass if it is present. Armyworms may be confined to only small portions of a crop. Several different locations within the crop should be checked for caterpillar numbers before deciding on any control measures. Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Armyworms can be in damaging numbers at any time of year if growing conditions allow. They are occasionally a pest on seedling crops and pastures in autumn but more commonly cause damage to maturing cereal crops. There can be 3-4 generations per year. Crops attacked/host range Armyworms are pests of cereal crops and pastures. They prefer to feed on ryegrass and will often feed until it is depleted before turning to other grasses or cereals. Larvae do not feed on broad leaf and legume crops. Barley is the most susceptible cereal crop. Wheat crops are less frequently attacked. Damage symptoms Younger larvae feed on cereal or grass leaves. They are at their most damaging when large larvae (25-40 mm) attack barley crops nearing maturity in late spring. As barley matures, part of the stem often remains green and is appetising to larvae after other plant parts have dried. The caterpillars chew through the stem causing heads to fall to the ground. In oat crops, the larvae bite off pieces of the panicle, causing grain to fall. 6 SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species A suggested monitoring procedure is to: • look for signs of caterpillar droppings and damaged ryegrass heads; • look for damage on crop foliage; • shake the plants and look for caterpillars on the plants and on the ground. Search leaf litter between rows; • check frequently for the first signs of head-lopping in barley. Management options Some threshold guidelines available indicate spraying may be worth considering if 3 larvae/m 2 are present in barley crops that are still more than a week away from harvest, and 10 larvae/m 2 in other cereals. If the barley crop is almost dry, continue checking daily until fully mature, as sudden head-lopping requires immediate action. Biological Cultural Chemical Naturally occurring biological control agents are important in keeping armyworm populations below damaging levels in some years. These include parasitic flies and wasps, predatory beetles and diseases. Ute Guides, Southern (pp. 21-22)/Western (pp. 20-21). Use of herbicide or grazing to control weedy paddocks several weeks before sowing pastures or cereals will starve out caterpillars. Desiccating or swathing crops close to harvest may have the added benefit of minimising armyworm damage. Registered rates of synthetic pyrethroids are usually adequate for control. Increased spray volumes may be required in high-yielding bulky crops.
Page 2 and 3: © Department 2012 Department of Pr
Page 4 and 5: Disclaimer The information provided
Page 6 and 7: Insects of Southern Australian Broa
Page 8 and 9: SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
Page 10 and 11: What have I-spyed This flow chart c
Page 12 and 13: SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
Page 14 and 15: Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
Page 16 and 17: Lifecycles and development Having a
Page 18 and 19: Important Insect Groups and Identif
Page 20 and 21: Introduction Insects of Southern Au
Page 22 and 23: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 24 and 25: Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
Page 30 and 31: Identification Keys Larval forms to
Page 32 and 33: Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
Page 34 and 35: Beetles (adults) to main families/s
Page 36 and 37: Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
Page 46 and 47: SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
Page 48 and 49: Groups (families) relevant to broad
Page 52 and 53: CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 70 and 71: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
Page 98 and 99: Confused with/similar to These two
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Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
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HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
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EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermapte
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Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
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SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
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SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
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Management options Thresholds for c
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Management options No thresholds es
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Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
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Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
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Understanding the lifecycle of pest
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Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
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Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
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WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Confused with/similar to These clos
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BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
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EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
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Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
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Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
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More Information Website links DAFW
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SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
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The IPM decision-making process IPM
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Biological agents GENERALIST predat
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Conservation and enhancing natural
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Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
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Host plant susceptibility and resis
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Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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