Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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EARWIGS (Order Dermaptera) Dermaptera - derma (skin or covering); ptera (wing) There are at least 63 species of earwigs present in Australia. Main characteristics Adult and juvenile forms Earwigs are a distinctive group of insects of small to medium size (5-50 mm in length) that are mostly dark coloured (brown to black), have chewing (mandibulate) mouthparts and moderately long bead-like (filiform) antennae. Both adults and nymphs are similar in appearance but nymphs are smaller and paler than adults. Earwigs are usually easily identified by their hardened pincers (cerci) or claw-like structures at the rear of their flattened, elongated bodies. Both sexes have these pincers, but in males they are large and curved whereas in females they are mostly straight with slightly inward pointing tips. These sexual characteristics relate to all earwig species. Earwig families relevant to broadacre Forficulidae: This family has three native Australian species and the introduced European earwig Forficula auricularia, which has become a troublesome pest within localised areas. Labiduridae: This family consists of relatively primitive earwig species that are generally red-brown in colour and range from 10-45 mm in length. Members of this family are found all over Australia. The native earwig, Labidura truncata, is by far the most common species, particularly in sandy habitats. Most species of earwigs are wingless. Those with wings have clear (membranous) hind wings folded in a fan-like way and hidden beneath a protective, hardened and short covering (forewing or tegmina). Lifecycle Incomplete metamorphosis. Earwigs mate end to end, often grasping each other’s pincers. Unlike most insects, female earwigs have a maternal instinct and care for their young. They lay 20- 80 white eggs in clusters, usually within tunnels dug especially for this purpose. The eggs hatch over a 2-3 week period before turning into nymphs. Immature nymphs are paler in colour and take four or more moults before developing into an adult. Habitat Earwigs are nocturnal but are attracted by lights and can become unwelcome visitors to houses. The majority of earwigs are found during the day in dark, sheltered environments and are common under rocks, wood, tree bark, stones, stubble or other plant residues. Most species are omnivores, feeding mainly on decaying plant material but occasionally on dead creatures. They sometimes feed on live insects and can be seen using their rear pincers to carry their prey after it has been killed. SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial AND EXOTIC Species 59 Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012
EARWIGS Dermaptera European earwig (Forficula auricularia) and Native earwigs (Labidura truncata, Gonolabis michaelseni, Forniculina spp. and others) Distinguishing characteristics/description European earwig 10 mm 20 30 40 50 European earwig Short forewings (tegmina) Yellow ‘shoulders’ Uniform dark coloured body Legs and pincers are a lighter colour than the body Male – long and curved pincers Female – straight pincers Native earwig Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Male – long and curved pincers 60 Native earwig Male pincers - long and slender with a distinctive tooth near the middle of the inner edge SECTION 4 COMMON Pest, Beneficial and exotic Species Wingless Generally lighter body foreparts and darker abdomen Female – straight pincers Dull brown with straw coloured markings Legs and pincers are similar in colour to parts of the body Orange triangle on back
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Identification Keys Larval forms to
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Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
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Beetles (adults) to main families/s
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Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
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SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
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Groups (families) relevant to broad
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ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
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CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
Page 54 and 55: Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
Page 56 and 57: BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
Page 58 and 59: Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
Page 60 and 61: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
Page 62 and 63: BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
Page 64 and 65: COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
Page 66 and 67: Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
Page 68 and 69: Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Page 72 and 73: White fringed weevil Small lucerne
Page 74 and 75: LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
Page 76 and 77: CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
Page 78 and 79: BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
Page 80 and 81: General aphid lifecycle and biology
Page 82 and 83: CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
Page 84 and 85: CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
Page 86 and 87: CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
Page 88 and 89: PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
Page 90 and 91: Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
Page 92 and 93: DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
Page 94 and 95: PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
Page 96 and 97: Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
Page 110 and 111: SLUGS & SNAILS (Order Pulmonata) Ga
Page 112 and 113: Management options Thresholds for c
Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
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Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135: Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137: Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139: More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141: SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143: The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145: Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147: Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 148 and 149: Table 5.1 Beneficial species common
Page 150 and 151: Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153: Selective insecticides The terms
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Conserving the benefits of insectic
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Step 4. What are the management opt
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Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
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Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
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Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
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6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
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Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Sending samples for identification
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• The dynamics of the pest popula
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Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
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Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
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Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
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If you see anything unusual, call t
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SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
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Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
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References The information in this
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