Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems - Grains ...

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Table 5.1 Beneficial species commonly observed in broadacre crops (continued) Name Beneficial Life stage Mode of mobility Name Prey or host Life stage Monitoring method Field prevalence Ladybird beetles O: Coleoptera F: Coccinellidae Various species Larvae and adults Transient Various moth pests, aphids, leafhoppers, thrips and mites Eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults Direct search and sweep net Predominantly in spring Parasitic wasps Wasp parasitoids (medium-large, 10-20 mm) F: Ichneumonidae Diadromis spp. and Diadegma semiclausim Adult Transient Diamondback moth Larvae Direct search and sweep net Predominantly in spring Netelia spp. Heteropelma and Lissopimpla spp. Adult Transient Armyworms, cutworms and native budworms Larvae Direct search and sweep net Predominantly in spring Ichneumon sp. Adult Transient Native budworm and some armyworms Larvae Direct search and sweep net Predominantly in spring Wasp parasitoids (small
Insects of Southern Australian Broadacre Farming Systems Identification Manual and Education Resource © 2012 Cultural, physical and other control of insects Cultural farming management practices and the use of mechanical or physical techniques are incorporated into an IPM framework. These management practices can minimise pest attack by altering the habitat to achieve partial or complete pest control. Cultural practices and techniques for pest control have been used in agriculture for centuries and their effectiveness is frequently underestimated or not fully utilised. Examples include plant varietal selection, time of sowing, crop rotation, crop hygiene and cultivation/fallow. Other practices or tactics aim to alter paddock habitat to promote beneficial species and encourage their survival. These areas are relatively new in broadacre and need to be further researched and developed. Host plant availability Most insects have preferred hosts (oligophagous) and some are host specific (monophagous). By manipulating plant host availability, pest populations can be suppressed or controlled. Seasonal variations will naturally provide a wide range of host availability options for insects. Destroying host plants using chemical fallowing or a cultivation fallow for several weeks prior to crops being sown will greatly reduce the populations of many pests by depriving them of a food source. Complete fallow periods (no green material) of about two weeks are sufficient to starve-out many pests. Changing farming practices in some cropping areas has seen the introduction of lucerne, millet, grain, sorghum and other summer host plants into the farming system. These plants will increase the feed availability and survival of some insect pests. Examples include aphids, Helicoverpa spp., Sitona weevil, Rutherglen bugs and African black beetle. Managing host weeds for some pests is also important. For example, the vegetable weevil, prefers to feed on capeweed. They can often be found in high densities in pastures or areas of paddocks where capeweed is dominant. Use of selective herbicides and grazing to manage capeweed in pastures prior to sowing canola will help to reduce weevil numbers below damaging levels. Sampling pre-season weeds for the presence of insects will provide an indication of potential pest pressure that may affect crop seedlings at germination. 10 SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case Studies Removing the ‘green bridge’ The term ‘green bridge’ describes the role of weeds and crop volunteers in helping pests cross from one cropping season into the next. Late summer and early autumn rainfall is an important trigger for the establishment of the ‘green bridge’ in parts of Australia where winter cropping dominates. Availability of summer/early autumn weeds within regions can provide pests with a food source that enables them to develop and increase. Pest populations can then infest any subsequent crops sown early in the season, when pests transfer from dying weeds (e.g. following herbicide sprays) to new seedlings. The most damaging situations usually occur where pest populations have had several weeks or even months to increase in number prior to crops being sown. These seasonal situations are usually accompanied by high temperatures that provide fast developmental rates for pests. While individual farmers will benefit from efforts to eradicate the ‘green bridge’ on their properties, effective control requires neighbours to work together to remove volunteers and weeds simultaneously. Weeds should be controlled early. Plants along fencelines, around sheds and roadsides should all be targeted as potential hosts for pests. Seasonal conditions provide an indication of the ‘green bridge’ risk from year to year. Examples of pests that can use ‘green bridges’ are lucerne flea and Bryobia mites. These species will have an early hatch from their over-summering diapause state and increase rapidly if good rainfall provides abundant weed growth. Snails and slugs will also emerge from their summer resting phase to commence development when green hosts are abundant. Aphids and Rutherglen bugs are solely reliant on the availability of host plants to over-summer (i.e. survive between seasons). The abundance of these plants available during summer/ early autumn will determine the level of their carryover between seasons. Seasons with dry summer/early autumn periods often result in lower pest pressures. Reduced pest pressure can also occur in seasons where ‘false breaks’ enable insect activity on weeds following early rainfall, before prolonged hot dry weather destroys those weeds. The risk of viral diseases such as barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is also increased in years with a ‘green bridge’. Virus survival between seasons will increase if hosts such as volunteer cereals and their disease-carrying vectors are given the opportunity to increase. Aphids will transmit BYDV and wheat curl mites carry WSMV from diseased hosts into new season crop seedlings if seasonal conditions allow for their development.
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© Department 2012 Department of Pr
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Disclaimer The information provided
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Insects of Southern Australian Broa
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SECTION 1 Introduction Over 95% of
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What have I-spyed This flow chart c
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SECTION 2 Basic Insect Taxonomy, Ex
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Table 2.1 Taxonomic category Taxono
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Lifecycles and development Having a
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Important Insect Groups and Identif
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Introduction Insects of Southern Au
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Table 3.1 Mouthpart types and assoc
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Identification Keys Larval forms to
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Moth/butterfly larvae to main famil
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Beetles (adults) to main families/s
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Crop Damage Pest Identification Key
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SECTION 4 Common Pest, Beneficial a
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Groups (families) relevant to broad
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ARMYWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Co
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CUTWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Com
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Cutworm - Turnip moth (Agrotis sege
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BUDWORMS Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Nat
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Lepidoptera: Plutellidae Diamondbac
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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Lucerne seed
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BEETLES (Order Coleoptera) Coleopte
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COCKCHAFERS Coleoptera: Scarabaeida
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Damage symptoms BH pasture cockchaf
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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Confused with/similar to Larvae are
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White fringed weevil Small lucerne
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LADYBIRD BEETLES Coleoptera: Coccin
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CARABID BEETLES or GROUND BEETLES C
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BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Hemiptera -
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General aphid lifecycle and biology
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CEREAL APHIDS Corn aphid (Rhopalosi
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CEREAL APHIDS Russian wheat aphid (
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CANOLA APHIDS Cabbage aphid (Brevic
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PULSE APHIDS Blue green aphid (Acyr
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Hemiptera: Scutelleridae Sunn pest
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DAMSEL BUGS OR NABIDS Hemiptera: Na
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PREDATORY BUGS Hemiptera: Heteropte
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Larvae Larvae are legless and can b
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Page 100 and 101: Eggs are laid just below the leaf s
Page 102 and 103: HOVERFLIES Diptera: Syrphidae Vario
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Page 106 and 107: Damage symptoms: shredded leaf tips
Page 108 and 109: SPRINGTAILS (Class Collembola) Coll
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Page 114 and 115: Management options No thresholds es
Page 116 and 117: Crops attacked/host range Grey fiel
Page 118 and 119: Acarina: Penthaleidae Redlegged ear
Page 120 and 121: Understanding the lifecycle of pest
Page 122 and 123: Crops attacked/host range A wide ra
Page 124 and 125: Acarina: Tetranychidae Bryobia mite
Page 126 and 127: WASPS, BEES & ANTS (Order Hymenopte
Page 128 and 129: Confused with/similar to These clos
Page 130 and 131: BENEFICIAL Distinguishing character
Page 132 and 133: EGG PARASITOIDS Hymenoptera: Tricho
Page 134 and 135: Bees as pollinators Bees provide a
Page 136 and 137: Lifecycle Complete metamorphosis. T
Page 138 and 139: More Information Website links DAFW
Page 140 and 141: SECTION 5 IPM Principles and Case S
Page 142 and 143: The IPM decision-making process IPM
Page 144 and 145: Biological agents GENERALIST predat
Page 146 and 147: Conservation and enhancing natural
Page 150 and 151: Host plant susceptibility and resis
Page 152 and 153: Selective insecticides The terms
Page 154 and 155: Conserving the benefits of insectic
Page 156 and 157: Step 4. What are the management opt
Page 158 and 159: Table 5.3 Pest species for which an
Page 160 and 161: Case study 2 Selective chemicals an
Page 162 and 163: Case study 4 Seed dressings protect
Page 164 and 165: 6 Monitoring, Record Keeping, Sampl
Page 166 and 167: Introduction Monitoring pest and be
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Page 172 and 173: Sending samples for identification
Page 176 and 177: • The dynamics of the pest popula
Page 178 and 179: Observer/recorder: Crop and variety
Page 180 and 181: Table 6.3 Check-list of common broa
Page 182 and 183: Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 184 and 185: Table 6.4 Check-list of common pest
Page 186 and 187: Biosecurity 7 Biosecurity
Page 188 and 189: If you see anything unusual, call t
Page 190 and 191: SECTION 8 Glossary Abdomen: the thi
Page 192 and 193: Labium: lower lip. Labrum: upper li
Page 194: References The information in this
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