Feasibility Study of Proposed Tourism Dev in Shewula, NE ...

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Chapter 1 - Introduction Sustainable livelihoods The term "sustainable livelihoods' refers to people's capacities to 'generate and maintain their means of living, enhance their well-being and that of future generations. These capacities are contingent upon the availability of and accessibility to options which are ecological, socio-cultural, economic and politic and are predicated on equity, ownership of resources and participatory decision-making' Community The term 'community' refers to a social configuration of a group of individuals who identify with each other as a community. 'Community' is characterised by solidarity (a shared identity and shared code of conduct) and agency (the capacity of people to order their world). 15 In the case of the 'Shewula community', the term 'community' describes a group of people who share a common culture, and are under the jurisdiction of the same traditional authority, namely the Chief of Shewula. These people may or may not reside in the geographical area of Shewula on a permanent basis. 16 Culture The term 'culture' refers to shared experience that is learned and/or accumulated. It is characterised by socially transmitted patterns of behaviour that are definitive of a particular social group. It includes the values, beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, skills, language, and norms for behaviour that a person learns through socialisation. Human Development This refers to the 'creation and development of people's choices and capabilities'. Such development can assist 'empowerment' through providing the opportunities, capacity-building and skills training that are needed by the individual. Empowerment 'Empowerment' refers to the process whereby an individual is able to implement, challenge and justify their thoughts and beliefs. Steenkamp illustrates the 'empowerment' process: 'Engagement of external parties had to be structured in a way that would promote, rather than undermine, the development of organisational capacity at Makuleke'.' 16 Capacity 'Capacity' refers to the ability, skills, knowledge and know-how which a person or body of persons possess' in order to perform or carry out certain tasks or undertake certain activities or operations. Capacity-building 'Capacity-building' is a tool to promote empowerment. It results in an increase in people's abilities, skills, knowledge and know-how; is people-focused; allows for access opportunities; and facilitates access to or ability to locate benefits. 14 Community adaptations and sustainable livelihoods, op cit. 15 Bhattacharyya, J. 1995: 'Solidarity and Agency: Rethinking Community Development', Human Organisation, 54(1), p.61. 16 Refer to the following World Resources Institute webpage 17 Bhattacharyya, J. 1995:op cit. 18 Steenkamp, C. & Maluleke, L n.d: The Makuleke Conservation and Tourism Programme: A South African case study of rural people and conservation, unpublished paper, p.2.
Chapter 1 - Introduction Role-players 'Role-players' are individuals who have specific roles and responsibilities in the development process. They may or may not have any vested interests in the specific development. Stakeholders 'Stakeholders' refers to individuals who have a vested interest in the development and are going to be affected by the development in one way or another. Primary stakeholders are those directly affected by a development. Secondary stakeholders are indirectly affected by developments. Ecosystem A holistic concept of the plants, the animals habitually associated with them and all the physical and chemical components of the immediate environment or habitat, which together form a recognisable self-contained entity. 19 Environment This study adopts an holistic definition of the term 'environment' which includes the physical, biological, social, economic, cultural, historical and political components. 20 Environmental Resources 'Environmental resources' refer to the natural, cultural, historical, social, economic and political resources of an area. Biodiversity The World Resources Institute refers to biodiversity as 'the variety of the world's organisms, including their genetic diversity and the assemblages they form. It is the blanket term for the natural biological wealth that undergirds human life and wellbeing. The breadth of the concept reflects the inter-relatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems. 21 Conservation Conservation is not only about protected areas, but is about the people-centred conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. This is promoted by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), which has the following mission: To influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature, and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.' 22 IUCN promotes the importance of people-oriented conservation and the sustainable use of resources. 1.4.2. Assumptions 1.4.2.1. The goal of the development The ultimate purpose of the proposed tourism development is the alleviation of poverty of the Shewula community, and the wise use of natural and cultural resources for the benefit of the Shewula community as well as the wider regional, national and international community (including tourists). 19 Begon, M., Harper, J.L. & Townsend, CR. 1990: Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, USA. 20 Fuggle, R. 1992, op cit. 21 Refer to the following World Resources Institute webpage: 22 Refer to following IUCN webpage: < http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/about_iucn/index.html>
Page 1 and 2: A Feasibility Study of the Proposed
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would
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4.2.2. Positive reactions At two of
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4.4. PROBLEMS This section presents
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and therefore how the benefits to t
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c) Re-establishment of game The bel
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) Indirect income generation Sugges
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Chapter 4 ■ Socio-Cultural Findin
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4.6.2. Requirements for successful
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Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings
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4.8.1.4. Schools • Schools need t
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iome of these assumptions will have
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Chapter 4 ■ Socio-Cultural Findin
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Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluatio
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Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and
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The following model was formulated
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions 7.1. INTROD
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions 7.1.3.2. Po
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions and well-be
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Chapter 8 • Recommendations shoul
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Chapter 8 - Recommendations 8.2.4.
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Chapter 9 - The Way Forward proposa
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Chapter 9 - The Way Forward Notes o
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Chapter 9 - The Way Forward communi
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References Obua, J. 1997: The Poten
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The four questions that the study t
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3. Requirements The resources that
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Outreach programme at Mlawula could
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If the tourism development site wer
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