Feasibility Study of Proposed Tourism Dev in Shewula, NE ...

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The Swazi National Council, known as the Libandla, is the traditional style of government. This is headed by the King and Queen Mother in accordance with the dual monarchy approach, with the Queen Mother's main role being to uphold the traditional and cultural elements. All Swazi adult males are entitled to offer advice and council on matters pertaining to traditional law and custom. This is played out at the local community level, whereby the Libandla (Inner Council) is headed by the Chief and the Head Induna. 57 In the traditional sector of the Swazi society, which accounts for nearly 80% of the population, local authority is exercised by chiefs, through 200 chiefdoms. By tradition, chiefs are males, with a few exceptions. 58 The . main functions of the chiefs, assisted by a council of male elders, include the allocation of use rights to Swazi Nation Land, and the settling of disputes according to traditional law and custom. 59 Swaziland's legal system also operates on a dual basis comprising both traditional Swazi National courts as well as constitutional courts. The latter practice Roman- Dutch law and comprise a High Court with various Magistrates Courts as well as an Industrial Court. The Chief Justice is head over all these structures, including the judges and magistrates. It is important to note that the constitutional courts have the final ruling in the event of any contention arising between the two legal systems. 2.5.3. The socio-economic context 2.5.3.1. General socio-economic context of Swaziland Swaziland traditionally maintains strong economic trading links with South Africa, as well as maintaining close ties with the other SADC countries. As a small land-locked country with limited domestic markets, Swaziland's economic performance is dependent on export-orientated industries and is influenced by global trends, commodity prices, capital, and aid flow. Swaziland's growth has been about 3% for the past couple of years. About 20% of Swaziland's export products, including sugar and citrus, are sold internationally, but in recent years, emphasis has been placed on developing new markets and South Africa, with its diverse consumer profile, and close proximity is a natural target in this respect. Due to Swaziland's economy already being closely integrated with that of South Africa's, South Africa's performance is a major influence. About 80% of Swaziland's import commodities, including consumer and petroleum products, are from South Africa. 60 Living standards for the Swazi population have been adversely affected since 1990 by two factors: • Drought between 1991 and 1996 which has had a drastic impact on subsistence agriculture, rendering two-thirds of the rural population eligible for food aid in 1992; and • The political changes in neighbouring countries which have had the effect of reducing public revenue and constraining the growth of the formal private sector in Swaziland. 57 Thompson, 1999, op cit. 58 There are some female chiefs in Swaziland, Darren Raw, pers. comm. 58 Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit. 60 Thompson. 1999, op cit.
These political changes have eroded Swaziland's comparative advantage in attracting private investment. Growth of Swaziland's economy has declined to below the very high population growth rate, while formal employment opportunities are static or decreasing. Distribution of income is highly skewed, and human development has lagged behind economic growth. The infant mortality rate is high, as is the child malnutrition rate. However, the literacy rate is above 75%, although the quality of primary education is a matter of concern, with public funding to education skewed in the favour of the tertiary sector. 61 Public expenditure is also skewed towards urban areas, and within rural areas, towards the commercial estate sector. Funding to the sectors of 'housing and community amenities' and 'water resources management' is skewed to urban areas and large scale commercial projects respectively. Agriculture accounts for three-quarters of the country's labour force. Two forms of land tenure co-exist in Swaziland. Individual Tenure Farms (ITF) or 'title-deed' land reflects western principles of land ownership and is governed by Roman-Dutch Law. Swazi Nation Land (SNL) vests in the King, is subject to customary land tenure, and use rights are allocated by chiefs. The rural economy is sharply divided between the following: • Large scale, capital intensive, commercial farming, often using immigrant labour, on ITF land (25 % of land area, and usually the best quality land), and • Rain-fed, semi-subsistence farming by smallholders on Swazi Nation Land, with few linkages between the two. Marketing channels, technical support and finance are all geared to the needs of the large-scale commercial sector. 62 Recently there has been some progress made in committing funds to irrigation schemes for subsistence farmers to enable their transition to commercial farming. 63 Women head up more than one third of the rural households. In the traditional sector, income from agricultural production, mainly maize and sometimes cotton, is heavily supplemented by remittances from family members in paid employment in the rest of Swaziland or in South Africa. With a rain fed farming system, a single cropping season and a limited crop mix dominated by maize production, rural households are vulnerable to production shortfalls and consequent 'hungry periods' leading up to the harvest months of June/July. The impact of the 1992 drought was to disable this already fragile livelihood system. 64 In responding to the challenges of recovery from the drought and of adapting the economy to a rapidly changing competitive environment, Swaziland faces institutional constraints related primarily to its dual governance system and the minority status of women. The still important role of traditional authority in Swazi society has tended to reinforce the rigidities of the dual economic structure. Women's minority status under traditional law constrains their opportunities to contribute to, or benefit from, the development process. The findings of the Poverty Assessment in 1997 demonstrate that these institutional constraints also limit the capacity of poor households and communities to take advantage of development opportunities and assistance, and to adapt and cope during times of stress. 61 Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit. 62 Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit. 63 Thompson, 1998, op cit. 64 Ministry of Economic Planning & Development, 1997, op cit.
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A Feasibility Study of the Proposed
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would
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2.3. Biophysical Context ..........
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6.1.4. Conclusions ................
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Box 9.1 Figure 6.1. Consideration o
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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Executive Summary INTRODUCTION The
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Executive Summary The findings of t
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Executive Summary Positive aspects:
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Executive Summary • Tourism input
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Chapter 1 - Introduction This chapt
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Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings
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Chapter 4 ■ Socio-Cultural Findin
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Chapter 4 - Socio-Cultural Findings
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Chapter 5 - Environmental Evaluatio
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Chapter 6 - Tourism, Marketing and
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The following model was formulated
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions 7.1. INTROD
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions 7.1.3.2. Po
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Chapter 7 - Conclusions and well-be
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Chapter 8 • Recommendations shoul
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Chapter 8 - Recommendations 8.2.4.
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Chapter 9 - The Way Forward proposa
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Chapter 9 - The Way Forward Notes o
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Chapter 9 - The Way Forward communi
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References Obua, J. 1997: The Poten
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The four questions that the study t
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3. Requirements The resources that
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Outreach programme at Mlawula could
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If the tourism development site wer
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Feasibility Study of Proposed Tourism Dev in Shewula, NE ...

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