Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989) “Effects of Protective Management of Marine Resources on Fish Abundance and Fish Yields”. Ambio, Vol.17, pp. 194–199. Alcala, A. C., & Russ, G. R., (1990) “A Direct Test of the Effects of Protective Management on Abundance and Yield of Tropical Marine Resources”. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, Vol. 46, pp. 40–47. Allison, G. W., Lubchenco, J., & Carr, M. H., (1998) “Marine Reserves Are Necessary But Not Sufficient For Marine Conservation”. Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, pp. S79–S92. Appeldoorn, R. S., Recksiek, C. W., Hill, R. L., Pagan, F. E., & Dennis, G. D., (1997) “Marine Protected Areas and Reef Fish Movements: The Role of Habitat in Controlling Ontogenetic Migration”. Proceedings of the 8 th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama, Vol. 2, pp. 1917–1922. Ballantine, W. J., (1991) “Marine Reserves For New Zealand”. Leigh Marine Laboratory Bulletin 25, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Ballantine, W. J., (1995) “Networks of ‘No-Take’ Marine Reserves Are Practical and Necessary”. In: Shackell, N. L., Willison, J. H. M., (eds.) Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Science and Management of Protected Areas Association, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, pp. 13–20. Barbier, E. B., & Strand, I., (1998) “Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages: A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico”. Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 12, pp. 151–166. Beverton, R. J. H., & Holt, S. J., (1957) On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations.Chapman and Hall, London. Birkeland, C., (ed.) (1997) Life and Death of Coral Reefs. Chapman and Hall, New York. Bohnsack, J. A., (1996) “Maintenance and Recovery of Reef Fishery Productivity”. In: Polunin, N. V. C., & Roberts, C. M., (eds.) Reef Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 283–313. Bohnsack, J. A., (1998) “Application of Marine Reserves To Reef Fishery Management”. Australian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 23, pp. 298–304. Brown, G., & Roughgarden, J., (1997) “A Metapopulation Model With Private Property and A Common Pool”. Ecological Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 65–71. Chapman, M. R., & Kramer, D. L., (1999) “Gradients in Coral Reef Fish Density and Size Across the Barbados Marine Reserve Boundary: Effects of Reserve Protection and Habitat Characteristics”. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 181, pp. 81–96. Clark, J. R., Causey, B., & Bohnsack, J. A., (1989) “Benefits From Coral Reef Protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida”. In: Magoon, O. T., et al., (eds.) Coastal Zone ’89: Proceedings of the 6 th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Charleston, 11–14 July. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 3076–86. Conrad, J. M., (1997) “The Bioeconomics of Marine Sanctuaries”. Working Paper Series in Environmental and Resource Economics, Cornell University. Demartini, E. E., (1993) “Modeling the Potential of Fishery Reserves For Managing Pacific Coral Reef Fishes”. Fishery Bulletin, Vol. 91, pp. 414–427. Dixon, J. A., & Sherman , P. B., (1990) Economics of Protected Areas — A New Look At Benefits and Costs. Island Press. Dixon, J. A., Fallon Scura, L., & Van’t Hof, T., (1993) “Meeting Ecological and Economic Goals: Marine Parks in the Caribbean”. Ambio, Vol. 22, pp. 117–125. Gordon, H., (1954) “The Economic Theory of a Common Property Resource: The Fishery”. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 62, pp. 124–142. Grigg, R. W., (1994) “Effects of Sewage Discharge, Fishing Pressure and Habitat Complexity on Coral Ecosystems and Reef Fishes in Hawaii”. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol.103, pp. 25–34. Guénette, S., & Pitcher, T. J., (1999) “An Age-Structured Model Showing the Benefits of Marine Reserves in Controlling Overexploitation”. Fisheries Research, Vol. 39, pp. 295–303. Hannesson, R., (1998) “Marine Reserves: What Would They Accomplish”. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 159–170. Holland, D. S., & Brazee, R. J., (1996) “Marine Reserves For Fisheries Management”. Marine Resource Economics, Vol. 11, pp. 157–171. Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y., & Broadus, J. M., (1995) “A Methodological Review of Net Benefit Evaluation For Marine Reserves”. Environment Department Papers, No. 27, World Bank, Washington, DC. Homans, F. R., & Wilen, J. E., (1997) “A Model of Regulated Open Access Resource Use”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 32, pp. 1–21. Hughes, T. P., (1994) “Catastrophes, Phase Shifts and Large Scale Degradation of A Caribbean Coral Reef”. Science, Vol. 265, pp. 1547–1551. Jennings, S., Grandcourt, E. M., & Polunin, N. V. C., (1995) “The Effects of Fishing on the Diversity, Biomass and Trophic Structure of Seychelles’ Reef Fish Communities”. Coral Reefs, Vol. 14, pp. 225–235. Jennings, S., Marshall, S. S., & Polunin N. V. C., (1996) “Seychelles’ Marine Protected Areas: Comparative Structure and Status of Reef Fish Communities”. Biological Conservation, Vol. 75, pp. 201–209. Jennings, S., (1998) “Cousin Island, Seychelles: A Small Effective and Internationally Managed Marine Reserve”. Coral Reefs, Vol. 17, p. 190. 122 LYNDA D. RODWELL & CALLUM M. ROBERTS:
Kelleher, G., Bleakley, C., & Wells, S., (eds.) (1995) A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. Volumes I–IV, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, World Bank and World Conservation Union (IUCN), World Bank, Washington, DC. Lauck, T., Clark, C., Mangel, M., & Munro, G. R., (1998) “Implementing the Precautionary Principle in Fisheries Management Through Marine Reserves”. Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. S72–S78. Lessios, H. A., (1988) “Mass Mortality of Diadema Antillarum in the Caribbean: What Have We Learned”. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 19, pp. 371–393. Letourneur, Y., (1996) “Reponses des Peuplements et Populations de Poissons aux Reserves Marines: Le Cas de l’Ile de Mayotte, Ocean Indien Occidental”. Ecoscience, Vol. 3, pp. 442–450. McArdle, D. A. (ed.) (1997) California Marine Protected Areas. University of California, La Jolla. McClanahan, T. R. (1994) “Kenyan Coral Reef Lagoon Fish: Effects of Fishing, Substrate Complexity, and Sea Urchins”. Coral Reefs, Vol. 13, pp. 231–241. McClanahan, T. R., & Shafir, S. H., (1990) “Causes and Consequences of Sea Urchin Abundance and Diversity in Kenyan Coral Reef Lagoons”. Oceologia, Vol. 83, pp. 362–370. McManus, J. W., (1996) “Social and Economic Aspects of Reef Fisheries and Their Management”. In Polunin, N. V. C., & Roberts, C. M., (eds.) Reef Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 249–281,. Munro, J. L., (1996) “The Scope of Tropical Reef Fisheries and Their Management”. In: Polunin, N. V. C., & Roberts, C. M., (eds.) Reef Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 1–12. NRC (National Research Council) (1995) Understanding Marine Biodiversity: A Research Agenda For the Nation. Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. PDT (Plan Development Team) (1990) The Potential of Marine Fishery Reserves For Reef Fish Management In the U.S. Southern Atlantic. NOAA Technical Memorandum Nmfs-Sefc-261. Pezzey, J. C. V., Roberts, C. M., & Urdal, B., (2000) “A Simple Bioeconomic Model of A Marine Reserve”. Ecological Economics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 77–91. Polacheck, T., (1990) “Year Around Closed Areas As A Management Tool”. Natural Resource Modelling, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 327–354. Polunin, N. V. C., & Roberts, C. M., (1993),“Greater Biomass and Value of Target Coral Reef Fishes in Two Small Caribbean Marine Reserves”. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 100, pp 167– 176. Polunin, N. V. C., & Roberts, C. M., (eds.) (1996) Reef Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London. Quinn, J. F., Wing, S. R., & Botsford, L. W., (1993) “Harvest Refugia in Marine Vertebrate Fisheries: Models and Applications to the Red Sea Urchin, (Strongylocentrotus Franciscanus)”. American Zoologist, Vol. 33, pp. 537–550. Rakitin, A., & Kramer, D. L., (1996) “Effect of a Marine Reserve on the Distribution of Coral Reef Fishes in Barbados”. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 131, pp. 97–113. Roberts, C. M., (1995) “Effects of Fishing on the Ecosystem Structure of Coral Reefs”. Conservation Biology, Vol. 9, pp. 988–995. Roberts, C. M., (1998a) “Permanent No-Take Zones: A Minimum Standard For Effective Marine Protected Areas”. In: Hatziolos, M., et al., (eds.) Coral Reefs. Challenges and Opportunities For Sustainable Development. The World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 96–100. Roberts, C. M., (1998b) “Sources, Sinks and the Design of Marine Reserve Networks”. Fisheries, Vol. 23, pp. 16–19. Roberts, C. M., & Polunin, N. V. C., (1991) “Are Marine Reserves Effective in Management of Reef Fisheries”. Reviews In Fish Biology and Fisheries, Vol. 1, pp. 65–91. Roberts, C. M., & Polunin, N. V. C., (1993a) “Marine Reserves: Simple Solutions To Managing Complex Fisheries”. Ambio, Vol. 22, pp. 363–368. Roberts, C. M., & Polunin, N. V. C., (1993b) “Effects of Marine Reserve Protection on Northern Red Sea Fish Populations”. Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, Vol. 2, pp. 969–977. Roberts, C. M., & Polunin, N. V. C., (1994) “Hol Chan: Demonstrating That Marine Reserves Can Be Remarkably Effective”. Coral Reefs, Vol. 13, p. 90. Roberts, C. M., & Hawkins, J. P., (1997) “How Small Can A Marine Reserve Be and Still Be Effective”. Coral Reefs, Vol. 16, p. 150. Roberts, C. M., Handelman, S., Branch, G., Bustamente, R., Castilla, J. C., Dugan, J., Halpern, B., Lafferty, K., Leslie, H., Lubchenco, J., McArdle, D., Possingham, H., Ruckleshaus, M., & Warner, R., (in press a) “Ecological Criteria For Evaluating Candidate Sites For Marine Reserves”. Ecological Applications. Roberts, C. M., Handelman, S., Branch, G., Bustamente, R., Castilla, J. C., Dugan, J., Halpern, B., Lafferty, K., Leslie, H., Lubchenco, J., McArdle, D., Possingham, H., Ruckleshaus, M., & Warner, R., (in press b) “Application of Ecological Criteria in Selecting Marine Reserves and Developing Reserve Networks”. Ecological Applications. Russ, G., (1985) “Effects of Protective Management on Coral Reef Fishes in the Central Philippines”. Proceedings of the 5 th International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 19–24. Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996a) “Marine Reserves: Rates and Patterns of Recovery and Decline of Large Predatory Fish”. Ecological Applications, Vol. 6, pp. 947–961. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF FULLY-PROTECTED MARINE RESERVES FOR CORAL REEF FISHERIES 123
Page 2 and 3:
Collected Essays on the Economics o
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
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● ● ● ● assessing the threa
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fishing is lucrative from the indiv
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Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
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Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
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Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
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Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
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Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
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Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
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people live from the Park, the high
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duction or logging) would have an e
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Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
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Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
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Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Assessing the Benefits of Improving
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2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
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Five groups were given and the resp
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The total sample mean was similar a
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one of the five categories were nex
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4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
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able for tourists versus locals was
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problem that where respondents are
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turists who regularly handle soil e
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expanding tourist industry based on
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ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
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Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
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an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
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25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
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sized animals — even at the most
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greater willingness among environme
Page 70 and 71: stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
Page 72 and 73: were affected by cyanide squirts fo
Page 74 and 75: Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
Page 76 and 77: eefs that are not too remote, can n
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. Results of base case and t
Page 82 and 83: ating the destruction of its coral
Page 84 and 85: creased. Besides these direct effec
Page 86 and 87: 3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
Page 88 and 89: 3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
Page 90 and 91: A first difference between the two
Page 92 and 93: Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
Page 94 and 95: leaching occurred in the Maldives,
Page 96 and 97: months after the coral bleaching ev
Page 98 and 99: Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
Page 100 and 101: trols. What is useful from the data
Page 102 and 103: most disappointing: food and bevera
Page 104 and 105: REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
Page 106 and 107: also seem capable of providing many
Page 108 and 109: Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
Page 110 and 111: Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
Page 112 and 113: lation for the spawning stock abund
Page 114 and 115: 3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
Page 116 and 117: 3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
Page 118 and 119: 4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
Page 122 and 123: Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
Page 124 and 125: poses of this review, the mechanism
Page 126 and 127: Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129: Table 1. Comparison of restoration
Page 130 and 131: elating to the case studies. Recrea
Page 132 and 133: Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135: Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
Page 136 and 137: 1995). Global annual retail value o
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
Page 140 and 141: 2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
Page 142 and 143: destructive, since corals are often
Page 144 and 145: (input factors are indicated by blu
Page 146 and 147: Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
Page 148 and 149: stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151: STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
Page 152 and 153: 32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155: Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
Page 156 and 157: ▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159: The Park was re-established and rev
Page 160 and 161: associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163: Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165: A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
Page 166 and 167: Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169: Level Target Respondent Information
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Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
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Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
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as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
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Table 5. Results of the Econometric
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ties may not reveal their true perc
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Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
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ICZM guides jointly the activities
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such as alternative means of beach
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2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
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marginal benefit function, relating
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the type of use, are not linked to
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4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
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Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
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Appendix. Economic valuation studie
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Ecosystem and Approach ____________
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Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203:
Contemporary national development p
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The PBPA contains four prominent ex
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5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
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Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
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MEY shows the enormous level of ove
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the ecosystem together. The total (
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▲ tourism, coastal protection and
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has dramatically decreased from abo
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seaweed per year is generating abou
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Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
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The essential activities that can e
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their overall economic benefit to i
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Private Sector Management of Marine
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ety of important conservation and o
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50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
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● Investment security is reduced
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onmental practices, and therefore t
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7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
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Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
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perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242:
Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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