Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Issues McClanahan (1995) Overfishing Yes Presents a coral reef simulation model which calculates the effect of fishing various species at different levels of intensity on the coral reef ecology; results in the design of a management strategy based upon the highest and most stable yield of fishery. McClanahan & Overfishing Yes Study analysing fish numbers and weights at two older marine Kanda-Arara (1996) protected areas in comparison with a newly created marine park (with an adjacent marine reserve) in Kenya; total fish landing in the reserve decreased by 35% due (in part) to a flawed park design with low edge-to-area ratio. McClanahan & Sedimentation No Results of a study testing the effects of sedimentation on coral Obura (1997) reef communities in the Watamu and Malindi National Marine Parks, Kenya; the biological diversity and ecological health of the sediment-affected reefs remained stable throughout the study. McClanahan et al. (1999) — Yes Paper discusses the proliferation of MPAs in Kenya and elsewhere in the world where management is relatively poor. The article argues that there is an economic rationale to have fewer, but better managed MPAs. McClanahan (1999) Overfishing Yes Tests a previously-designed overfishing model at protected reef sites in Kenya and Zanzibar in comparison with unprotected sites; found that fishing led to a reduction in the abundance of certain fish species and an increase in the sea urchin population. McManus (1994) Military, Yes Argues in favour of the establishment of an international marine oil drilling park at the Spratly Islands as a strategy to resolve conflicting claims over the region by China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam. McManus (1996) General Yes Overview of social scientific issues and research approaches related to the management of coral reef systems; discusses reefs as common property, Malthusian overfishing, and includes management options. McManus et al. (1992) Blasting, Yes Describes four-year programme of monitoring the ecology and poison, harvest patterns of a coral reef system in Bolinao, Philippines, to anchoring assess the effects of harvest on fish diversity; includes recom mendations for management of the reef. McManus et al. (1997) Blasting, No Assess the effects of blasting, cyanide and anchor damage on a poison, coral reef in Bolinao, Philippines, between 1987 and 1990. anchoring Nowlis et al. (1997) Sedimentation No Studies the impact of sediment on coral reefs in St. Lucia following a tropical storm; sediment resulting from intensive land-use practices and road construction was found to have a considerably damaging effect on nearshore reefs. Nzali et al. (1998) Blasting No Results of a study comparing coral recruitment patterns at two sites at Taa Reef, Tanzania, one of which had been severely damaged by blasting; findings suggest that recolonisation is negatively affected by a reduction in viable seed populations, as reflected in coral cover levels. 36 HERMAN S. J. CESAR:
Authors Threats Mgt. Description Issues Öhman et al. (1993) Mining, No Study comparing three adjacent coral reefs in Sri Lanka: Bar blasting, Reef, Talawila Reef, and Kandakuliya Reef, in terms of the poison, diversity and abundance of fish and coral, and anthropogenic pollution, impacts. tourism, fish collecting, anchoring, nylon nets Öhman et al. (1997) Blasting, No Assesses the distribution and abundance of reef fish within Bar poison, Reef Marine Sanctuary, Sri Lanka in comparison with an nylon nets adjacent, unprotected reef; the organisation of fish assemblages was related to habitat type, indicating that habitat destruction has a significant impact upon reef fish communities. Pauly & Chua (1988) Overfishing No Provides a historical and socio-economic background to the marine fishery in Southeast Asia; analyses current problems including stagnating catches, environmental problems, and population growth. Pauly et al. (1989) Overfishing, Yes Assesses fishery management in the Third World in relation to blasting rural poverty in these regions; contends that Malthusian overfishing describes the third world fishery, which is qualitatively different from overfishing in the developed world; suggests management strategies. Polunin & Roberts (1993) Overfishing Yes Assesses the result of protective fishery management through a comparison of Saba Marine Park (Netherlands Antilles) and Hol Chan Marine Reserve (Belize) with adjacent unprotected fisheries; analysis of abundance, size and biomass of common target species. Rakitin and Kramer (1996) Overfishing Yes Examines the distribution of sedentary vs. mobile and catchable vs. less-catchable species of fish in reserve and nearby nonreserve areas in Barbados; the marine reserve was found to protect the fish community, but evidence for the emigration of fish from the reserve was insufficient and inconsistent. Richmond (1993) Sedimentation, No Comparison of natural and anthropogenic disturbances to coral pollution, reef communities; describes key anthropogenic impacts. temperature, blasting, poison Roberts (1994) Overfishing Yes Describes the benefits of establishing marine reserves for the protection of fish stocks, sustenance of adjacent fisheries, protection of biodiversity; addresses several questions related to reserve set-up and effective management. Roberts (1995a) Overfishing No Assesses the effects of overfishing on reef community structure and reef processes, including a discussion of losses in species diversity, keystone species, predator species, and functional groups of species. CORAL REEFS: THEIR FUNCTIONS, THREATS AND ECONOMIC VALUE 37
Page 2 and 3: Collected Essays on the Economics o
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 6 and 7: Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
Page 8 and 9: ● ● ● ● assessing the threa
Page 10 and 11: fishing is lucrative from the indiv
Page 12 and 13: Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
Page 14 and 15: Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
Page 16 and 17: Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
Page 18 and 19: Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
Page 20 and 21: Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
Page 24 and 25: people live from the Park, the high
Page 26 and 27: duction or logging) would have an e
Page 28 and 29: Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
Page 30 and 31: Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
Page 32 and 33: Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 36 and 37: Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 38 and 39: Assessing the Benefits of Improving
Page 40 and 41: 2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
Page 42 and 43: Five groups were given and the resp
Page 44 and 45: The total sample mean was similar a
Page 46 and 47: one of the five categories were nex
Page 48 and 49: 4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
Page 50 and 51: able for tourists versus locals was
Page 52 and 53: problem that where respondents are
Page 54 and 55: turists who regularly handle soil e
Page 56 and 57: expanding tourist industry based on
Page 58 and 59: ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
Page 60 and 61: Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
Page 62 and 63: an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
Page 64 and 65: 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
Page 66 and 67: sized animals — even at the most
Page 68 and 69: greater willingness among environme
Page 70 and 71: stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
Page 72 and 73: were affected by cyanide squirts fo
Page 74 and 75: Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
Page 76 and 77: eefs that are not too remote, can n
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. Results of base case and t
Page 82 and 83: ating the destruction of its coral
Page 84 and 85:
creased. Besides these direct effec
Page 86 and 87:
3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
Page 88 and 89:
3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
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REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
Page 106 and 107:
also seem capable of providing many
Page 108 and 109:
Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
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4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
Page 122 and 123:
Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
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poses of this review, the mechanism
Page 126 and 127:
Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1. Comparison of restoration
Page 130 and 131:
elating to the case studies. Recrea
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Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135:
Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
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1995). Global annual retail value o
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
Page 140 and 141:
2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
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destructive, since corals are often
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(input factors are indicated by blu
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Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
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stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151:
STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
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32 Several efforts along these line
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Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
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▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159:
The Park was re-established and rev
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associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163:
Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165:
A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
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Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169:
Level Target Respondent Information
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Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
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Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
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as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
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Table 5. Results of the Econometric
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ties may not reveal their true perc
Page 180 and 181:
Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183:
ICZM guides jointly the activities
Page 184 and 185:
such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187:
2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
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marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191:
the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193:
4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195:
Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197:
Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199:
Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201:
Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203:
Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205:
The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207:
5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
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MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213:
the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215:
▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217:
has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219:
seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221:
Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223:
The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225:
their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227:
Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229:
ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231:
50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233:
● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235:
onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237:
7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239:
Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241:
perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242:
Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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