Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Issues Davis & Tisdell (1995) Tourism Yes Examines the critical thresholds of marine protected areas for recreational scuba diving in view of the potential impact of divers on the reef systems. Davis & Tisdell (1996) Tourism Yes Uses economic instruments to assess the most effective allocation of scuba divers between recreational dive sites; suggests management strategies to allocate divers amongst multiple sites. Dennis & Bright (1988) Grounding No Results of a two-year study examining re-colonisation of coral communities following a ship grounding; found significant differences in species composition, community structure and biomass. Dixon et al. (1993) Tourism Yes Discusses the trade-offs between the economic and protection benefits of marine parks in the context of the need for the integrated management of coastal areas; economic analysis of the benefits and costs of protecting Bonaire Marine Park to isolate its maximum sustainable use level and draw lessons for park management. Dixon et al. (1995) Tourism Yes Examines the feasibility of achieving joint ecological and economic benefits in marine protected areas through the case study of Bonaire Marine Park in the Caribbean; assesses ecological sustainability and compares tourism revenue with protection costs; draws lessons for park management. Dulvy et al. (1995) Coral mining Yes Results of a study showing impact of coral mining on reef communities at Mafia Island, Tanzania; live coral cover and fish abundance and diversity were substantially lower than at the unmined site; assesses management issues surrounding the mining of coral. Fiske (1992) General Yes Results of a study comparing the establishment of two marine sanctuaries: La Parguera, Puerto Rico and Fagatele Bay, American Samoa, in light of sociocultural variables influencing the process; identifies key sociocultural variables and argues in favour of planned social change. Gabrié et al. (1994) Overfishing, Yes Assesses the state of the coral reefs of Bora-Bora (French tourism, Polynesia) and analyses the conflicting multiple uses of the reef urbanisation to enable the design of a sustainable management plan; management recommendations are provided. Galvez et al. (1989) Blasting, poison Yes Results of ethnographic studies of two villages in the Lingayen Gulf, Philippines to assess how and due to what factors cyanide and blast fishing continue to take place despite legal restrictions; describes villager perceptions of the practices and provides recommendations for management of the reef resource. Gittings et al. (1988) Grounding No Results of a 27-month study detailing the recruitment and recovery of Molasses Reef, Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, following a freighter grounding; results point to specific measures that can be taken to expedite coral recovery. 34 HERMAN S. J. CESAR:
Authors Threats Mgt. Description Issues Harriott et al. (1997) Tourism No Results of a study assessing the potential impacts of divers at four dive sites in Eastern Australia via. comparing diver contacts with corals with diver training and experience levels; suggests management strategies to limit the damage caused by diving. Hatcher et al. (1989) General Yes Review of recent research related to anthropogenic impacts on coral reef systems, including management issues. Hatcher et al. (1990) Lobster fishing Yes Combines ecological and anthropological approaches to describe the patterns of usage and resources at the Houtman Abrolhos reefs of Western Australia; aims to identify areas of conflict between the user groups in order to contribute to a sustainable management strategy for the area. Hawker & Connell (1992) Pollution No Discusses pollution threats to coral reef systems and describes studies pointing to tolerance levels for each type of pollution. Hawkins & Roberts (1993) Tourism No Study examining the impact of reef trampling by scuba divers and snorkellers near Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt; found that coral communities were significantly altered in size, species composition, and abundance in locations of heavy diver trampling. Hawkins & Roberts (1994) Tourism No Examines the impact of tourism on coral reefs through a case study on the Red Sea; evaluates present and planned development and potential growth in impact; proposes sustainable development strategies. Hingco & Rivera (1991) Poison, No Overview of the fish collecting industry in Bolinao, Philippines fish collecting with a focus on the use of cyanide, including local attitudes toward its use and mechanisms that support the practice; policy recommendations are made. Hughes (1994) Overfishing, No Analysis of phase-shift in Jamaican coral reef community hurricanes, structures due to anthropogenic and natural causes, including disease implications and future prospects. Jennings & Polunin (1995) Overfishing No Study of six Fijian fisheries to compare catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and value-of-catch-per-unit-effort (VPUE); results suggest that the fisheries are sustainable since fishermen frequently fail to maximise their efficiency. Jennings & Polunin (1997) Overfishing No Study of ten Fijian fisheries to measure the indirect effects of fishing on the biomass and diversity of reef fish; a negative relationship was found between the biomass of piscivorous fishes and fishing intensity, but increases in the biomass of their potential prey species were not noted. Johannes & Riepen (1995) Poison, No Overview of all aspects of the live fish trade in Asia and the overfishing Western Pacific including impacts on fishing communities and coral reef systems; provides policy recommendations. McAllister (1988) Sedimentation, No Details the economic, social and environmental costs of coral poison, blasting, reef destruction in the Philippines. overfishing, pollution, coral mining CORAL REEFS: THEIR FUNCTIONS, THREATS AND ECONOMIC VALUE 35
Page 2 and 3: Collected Essays on the Economics o
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 6 and 7: Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
Page 8 and 9: ● ● ● ● assessing the threa
Page 10 and 11: fishing is lucrative from the indiv
Page 12 and 13: Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
Page 14 and 15: Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
Page 16 and 17: Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
Page 18 and 19: Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
Page 20 and 21: Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
Page 24 and 25: people live from the Park, the high
Page 26 and 27: duction or logging) would have an e
Page 28 and 29: Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
Page 30 and 31: Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
Page 34 and 35: Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 36 and 37: Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 38 and 39: Assessing the Benefits of Improving
Page 40 and 41: 2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
Page 42 and 43: Five groups were given and the resp
Page 44 and 45: The total sample mean was similar a
Page 46 and 47: one of the five categories were nex
Page 48 and 49: 4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
Page 50 and 51: able for tourists versus locals was
Page 52 and 53: problem that where respondents are
Page 54 and 55: turists who regularly handle soil e
Page 56 and 57: expanding tourist industry based on
Page 58 and 59: ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
Page 60 and 61: Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
Page 62 and 63: an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
Page 64 and 65: 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
Page 66 and 67: sized animals — even at the most
Page 68 and 69: greater willingness among environme
Page 70 and 71: stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
Page 72 and 73: were affected by cyanide squirts fo
Page 74 and 75: Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
Page 76 and 77: eefs that are not too remote, can n
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. Results of base case and t
Page 82 and 83:
ating the destruction of its coral
Page 84 and 85:
creased. Besides these direct effec
Page 86 and 87:
3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
Page 88 and 89:
3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
Page 104 and 105:
REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
Page 106 and 107:
also seem capable of providing many
Page 108 and 109:
Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
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4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
Page 122 and 123:
Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
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poses of this review, the mechanism
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Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1. Comparison of restoration
Page 130 and 131:
elating to the case studies. Recrea
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Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135:
Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
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1995). Global annual retail value o
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
Page 140 and 141:
2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
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destructive, since corals are often
Page 144 and 145:
(input factors are indicated by blu
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
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stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151:
STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
Page 152 and 153:
32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155:
Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
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▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159:
The Park was re-established and rev
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associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163:
Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165:
A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
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Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169:
Level Target Respondent Information
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Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
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Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
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as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
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Table 5. Results of the Econometric
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ties may not reveal their true perc
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Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183:
ICZM guides jointly the activities
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such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187:
2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
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marginal benefit function, relating
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the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193:
4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195:
Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197:
Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199:
Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201:
Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203:
Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205:
The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207:
5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
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MEY shows the enormous level of ove
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the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215:
▲ tourism, coastal protection and
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has dramatically decreased from abo
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seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221:
Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223:
The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225:
their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227:
Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229:
ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231:
50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233:
● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235:
onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237:
7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239:
Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241:
perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242:
Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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