Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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Level Target Respondent Information Collected National (5 countries) Site (31 sites) Fisheries Division Environmental Divisions Journalists Study Team Village Leaders’ Meeting Large Village Meeting Knowledgeable Elder(s) Village Teacher Key Women Respondent(s) Shopkeeper/Fishers Key Respondents Key Respondent(s) Key Respondent(s) Partners or Knowledgeable Informant Study Team ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ Level of management support; enabling legislation; political will Awareness by high level decision makers Secondary site information (e.g. population) Village history, tenure system, shocks Site map, resources, habitats, resource use patterns (using PRA tools) Management rules Village education Dependency on resources, social cohesion Integration into Markets Leadership, decision making, conflict resolution, destructive fishing Partnerships Alternative Income Generation Sanctuaries Ecological Observations, Degree of Development; Land use; Final Observations Mini-Focus Groups (133 interviews) Elders, women and men ➜ Perceptions of success; Awareness Others Interview with Site Partners ➜ Partnership process, perceived effectiveness Figure 1. The study survey: A multi-level questionnaire. village development (figure 1). Specific survey questions, which the team believed were prone to response bias (e.g., village-level conflicts), were marked for verification with one or two additional key respondents until a consistent answer was obtained. Verification was also done in cases where specific respondents were thought to be unreliable by the surveyors. The study was structured around the following analytical framework (Pomeroy et al. 1996): Perceived Success i = f (Ext i , Site i , Process i ) where: Perceived Success i is measured by community perceptions of various ecological indicators at a particular site i , and is determined by: Ext i – factors external to the site which may affect the success of a site i (e.g., major cyclones); Site i – intrinsic site factors, such as socio-cultural characteristics (e.g., leadership), pressure on resources (e.g., population density), and ecosystem characteristics; and 170 JEFF MULLER, SOFIA BETTENCOURT & ROBERT GILLETT:
Process i – processes relevant to management at the site level, such as how the community shares benefits and losses from resource use. The dependent variables — the indicators of perceived management success — were the following: (1) Perceived trends in the catch per unit of effort (CpUE) of key resources; (2) Perceived trends in the condition of coastal habitats; (3) Perceived trends in threats to coastal resources (BCN 1998); and (4) Perceived compliance with existing coastal management rules (e.g., closed areas). Perceptions about changes in these indicators over the past ten years were obtained through interviews with 133 focus groups, composed of elders, female and male resource users. Each focus group had 2 to 6 individuals. To fix the start date of a decade, the study team used easily remembered events such as a cyclone, or the military coup in Fiji. Each focus group gave their trend perceptions for three different resources, habitats and threats 2 . The respondents were also asked to rank resources and threats by order of importance to them. At 12 ‘focus’ sites, where more in-depth interviews were conducted, the survey team interviewed two separate groups of elders, female and male resource users (a total of six focus groups per site). This allowed testing for the consistency of responses among similar focus groups. A shorter survey was conducted in the remaining 19 ‘supplementary’ sites, where only 3 focus groups were interviewed. Focus groups were asked to state their perceptions in accordance with a simple five-point scale 3 : Improving a lot .…………. 5 Improving Improving a little .…………. 4 Stable Stable .…………. 3 Declining a little ………….. 2 Declining Declining a lot ………….. 1 2 For compliance with management rules, each focus group was asked to provide their perceived compliance with five different rules. The resources, habitats, threats and management rules were identified by the villagers in their native language. They were then translated into English and grouped by broader categories, such as ‘reef finfish’ for CpUE, ‘coral reefs’ for habitats, ‘overfishing’ for threats, and ‘closed seasons’ for management rules. Simple descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used to compare differences in trend perceptions between these categories. This allowed the study team to determine, for example, whether there were statistically significant differences in the perceived decline of coral reefs as compared to other habitats, or whether national management rules were perceived to have more (or less) compliance than local rules. The four basic indicators were also combined into an aggregated ‘perceived success’ index using a weighted average of the four indicators, where the weights were derived through a principal component analysis (Morisson 1976). The explanatory variables — the factors that influence perceived success — included: occurrence of natural disasters at the site; quality of local leadership; the inability to exclude outsiders from the site; presence of pollution; population density; ecosystem diversity; and a factor reflecting the degree to which a village shared the benefits or losses of management. This basic set of explanatory variables was selected from a much larger initial set based on empirical evidence, qualitative assessment by the study team, and input from advisors to the study (table 2 on next page). To determine the factors that influence perceived management success, each of the five dependent variables (the four indicators and the aggregated ‘perceived success’ index) was then regressed on the set of explanatory variables, using ordered probit and ordinary least squares analysis. Country dummy variables coded ‘1’ if the data related to a particular country, and ‘0’ if not were also added to the basic set of explanatory variables to account for 3 The study team is grateful to Prof. Richard Pollnac (University of Rhode Island) for assistance in the development of the perception scale. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES RELATED TO COASTAL RESOURCES IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS 171
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Collected Essays on the Economics o
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
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● ● ● ● assessing the threa
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fishing is lucrative from the indiv
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Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
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Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
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Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
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Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
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Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
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Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
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people live from the Park, the high
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duction or logging) would have an e
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Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
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Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
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Assessing the Benefits of Improving
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2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
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Five groups were given and the resp
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The total sample mean was similar a
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one of the five categories were nex
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4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
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able for tourists versus locals was
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problem that where respondents are
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turists who regularly handle soil e
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expanding tourist industry based on
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ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
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Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
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an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
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25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
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sized animals — even at the most
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greater willingness among environme
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stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
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were affected by cyanide squirts fo
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Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
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eefs that are not too remote, can n
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Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
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Table 4. Results of base case and t
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ating the destruction of its coral
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creased. Besides these direct effec
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3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
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3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
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REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
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also seem capable of providing many
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Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
Page 118 and 119: 4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
Page 120 and 121: REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
Page 122 and 123: Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
Page 124 and 125: poses of this review, the mechanism
Page 126 and 127: Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129: Table 1. Comparison of restoration
Page 130 and 131: elating to the case studies. Recrea
Page 132 and 133: Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135: Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
Page 136 and 137: 1995). Global annual retail value o
Page 138 and 139: Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
Page 140 and 141: 2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
Page 142 and 143: destructive, since corals are often
Page 144 and 145: (input factors are indicated by blu
Page 146 and 147: Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
Page 148 and 149: stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151: STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
Page 152 and 153: 32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155: Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
Page 156 and 157: ▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159: The Park was re-established and rev
Page 160 and 161: associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163: Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165: A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
Page 166 and 167: Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 170 and 171: Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
Page 174 and 175: as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
Page 176 and 177: Table 5. Results of the Econometric
Page 178 and 179: ties may not reveal their true perc
Page 180 and 181: Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183: ICZM guides jointly the activities
Page 184 and 185: such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187: 2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
Page 188 and 189: marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191: the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193: 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195: Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197: Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203: Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205: The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207: 5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
Page 210 and 211: MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213: the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215: ▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217: has dramatically decreased from abo
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seaweed per year is generating abou
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Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
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The essential activities that can e
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their overall economic benefit to i
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Private Sector Management of Marine
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ety of important conservation and o
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50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
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● Investment security is reduced
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onmental practices, and therefore t
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7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
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Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
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perfect but not completed and origi
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Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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