Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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perfect but not completed and originates every minute through our choices. The question is: “What do you, humans, find yourselves worth” Whoever continues to believe in sin and the guilt of humanity, will never be able to create a new paradise on this earth. He/she will not feel worthy of this paradise. The death of the corals should therefore not be misunderstood by humans. It is more than ever a call to humanity to reveal our true colours and to come to life. Whoever understands this and can accept this, realises that judging, deploring, fighting or resisting our death does not make sense, but instead, results in our death. We understand that many environmental activists will find this message shocking. However, those who decide to wake up will be able to fully unfold their fortitude and make space for a new powerful spiral of evolution that will truly activate the environment. Life can only protect itself from death by living to the fullest. Becoming and being conscious and making choices consciously is the beginning of everything. Whoever realises this does not need to protect nature against its own nature. He/she will realise that an end has come to a particular chapter of our life. The earth is preparing itself for a new era. As the tree looses its leaves in autumn to prepare for winter, so the earth is preparing for a New Age. Yet, everywhere on this planet, paradise will stay visible. Whoever loves nature as one’s self, will merge with nature, that is, he/she will always enjoy her presence, celebrate the joy of her existence and will continue to create paradise on earth. Whoever feels guilty, will see this guilt and sin mirrored in nature, and will find places everywhere where nature is losing its colours and becoming extinct. Whoever sees through this mystery, realises that the choice thus lies with humanity. Humans can fully determine for themselves what their future nature will be. For humans to make this choice conscious(ly), we corals have died, hoping that the gift of being conscious is worth many times more than the loss of our matter. We, corals, have shown you what we are worth. The choice is now up to you, humans, to determine and decide how much you find yourselves worth. 242 POST SCRIPTUM
Contributing Authors, their affiliations, and their email addresses Sofia Bettencourt, Senior Natural Resource Economist, EASRD, World Bank, Washington D.C. email: sbettencourt@worldbank.org Herman S. J. Cesar, Researcher, Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University, Amsterdam & Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting (CEEC) email: herman.cesar@ivm.vu.nl John Dixon, Lead Environmental Economist, Environment Department and World Bank Institutute, World bank , Washington D.C. email: jdixon@worldbank.org Mark Erdmann, Coral Reef Ecologist, University of California, Berkeley and Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Sulawesi, Indonesia email: flotsam@manado.wasantara.net.id Peter Espeut, Director of Caribbean Coastal Area Management (C-CAM) Foundation, Jamaica email: pespeut@infochan.com Monette Flores, Enterprise Coordinator, Coastal Resource Management Project, Tetra Tech EM Inc., Cebu City, Philippines email: monette@gsilink.com Robert Gillett, Director, Gillett, Preston and Associates, Lami, Fiji email: Gillett@is.com.fj Kent Gustavson, Gustavson Ecological Resource Consulting, Gabriola, BC, Canada e-mail: kent@gerc.bc.ca Gregor Hodgson, Professor and Reef Check Coordinator, Institute of Environment, University of California, Los Angeles email: gregorh@ucla.edu Michelle Honkanen, Doctoral Student, Department of Political Science, York University, Toronto email: honkanen@yorku.ca Richard M. Huber, Senior Environmental Specialist, LCSES, World Bank, Washington D.C. email: Rhuber1@worldbank.org P. Lau, Conservation officer, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation, Hong Kong, SAR, China email: mc7cpa@hkstar.com Ulf Lindahl, PhD candidate, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden email: u.lindahl@kmf.gu.se Olof Lindén, Researcher, Departement for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden email: olof@timmermon.se Siet Meijer, Senior Research Assistant, Environment and Production Technology Division, IFPRI, Washington D.C. email: s.meijer@cgiar.org Peter J. Mous, The Nature Conservancy Coastal & Marine Program, Indonesia email:pmous@attglobal.net 243
Page 2 and 3:
Collected Essays on the Economics o
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
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● ● ● ● assessing the threa
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fishing is lucrative from the indiv
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Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
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Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
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Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
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Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
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Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
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Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
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people live from the Park, the high
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duction or logging) would have an e
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Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
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Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
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Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Assessing the Benefits of Improving
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2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
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Five groups were given and the resp
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The total sample mean was similar a
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one of the five categories were nex
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4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
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able for tourists versus locals was
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problem that where respondents are
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turists who regularly handle soil e
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expanding tourist industry based on
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ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
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Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
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an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
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25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
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sized animals — even at the most
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greater willingness among environme
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stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
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were affected by cyanide squirts fo
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Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
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eefs that are not too remote, can n
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Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
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Table 4. Results of base case and t
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ating the destruction of its coral
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creased. Besides these direct effec
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3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
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3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
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REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
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also seem capable of providing many
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Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
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4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
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Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
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poses of this review, the mechanism
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Supervision and training of labour
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Table 1. Comparison of restoration
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elating to the case studies. Recrea
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Value of reef products and services
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Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
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1995). Global annual retail value o
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Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
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2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
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destructive, since corals are often
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(input factors are indicated by blu
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Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
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stages when natural mortality is hi
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STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
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32 Several efforts along these line
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Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
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▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
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The Park was re-established and rev
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associated with dive tourism and th
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Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
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A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
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Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
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Level Target Respondent Information
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Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
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Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
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as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
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Table 5. Results of the Econometric
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ties may not reveal their true perc
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Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
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ICZM guides jointly the activities
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such as alternative means of beach
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2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
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marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191: the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193: 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195: Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197: Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203: Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205: The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207: 5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
Page 210 and 211: MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213: the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215: ▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217: has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219: seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221: Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223: The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225: their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227: Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229: ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231: 50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233: ● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235: onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237: 7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239: Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 242: Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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