Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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problem that where respondents are prepared to pay for an institutional framework this becomes entwined with the resource value. One extension to the current research would be to experiment with alternative institutions and processes of valuation to see how WTP/WTA varies. In terms of the design of CVM the study shows a methodology for classifying a range of different preferences some of which are inconsistent with economic theory. Caution has been expressed here concerning the interpretation of the monetary bids within any costbenefit context and especially over the simplistic use of mean bid values. The results have been shown to be related to ethical concerns which appear to be commonly associated with aspects of the marine environment and which are incorrectly interpreted as trade prices or economic welfare measures. REFERENCES Desvouges, W. H., Johnson, F. R., Dunford, R. W., Boyle, K. J., Hudson, S. P., & Wilson, K. N., (1993) “Measuring natural resource damages with contingent valuation: tests of validity and reliability” in Hausman, J. A., (ed.) Contingent Valuation: A Critical Assessment, pp. 91–159 Amsterdam: North-Holland. Hanley, N., & Spash, C. L., (1993) Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar. Kahneman, D., & Knetsch, J., (1992) “The purchase of moral satisfaction”. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 22(1): 57–70. Lockwood, M., (1996a) “End value, evaluation, and natural systems”. Environmental Ethics 18(3): 265–278. Lockwood, M., (1996b) “Non-compensatory preference structures in non-market valuation of natural area policy”. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 40(2): 85–101. Rijsberman, F., & Westmacott, S., (1996) Cost-effectiveness analysis of coral reef management and protection: CORAL, a decision support system for coral reef management in Curaçao. Delft, Resource Analysis. Spash, C. L., (1993) “Economics, ethics, and long-term environmental damages”. Environmental Ethics 15(2): 117–132. Spash, C. L., (1997) “Ethics and environmental attitudes with implications for economic valuation”. Journal of Environmental Management 50(4): 403–416. Spash, C. L., (1998) “Investigating individual motives for environmental action: Lexicographic preferences, beliefs and attitudes” in Lemons, J., L. Westra, L., & Goodland, R., (eds.) Ecological Sustainability and Integrity: Concepts and Approaches 13, pp. 46–62 Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Spash, C. L., & Hanley, N., (1995) “Preferences, information and biodiversity preservation”. Ecological Economics 12(3): 191– 208. Spash, C. L., van der Werff ten Bosch, J., Westmacott, S., & Ruitenbeek, J., (1998) Lexicographic Preferences and the Contingent Valuation of Coral Reef Biodiversity in Curaçao and Jamaica; Final Report to The World Bank. Delft, Resource Analysis. : 135. Stevens, T. H., Echeverria, J., Glass, R. J., T. Hager, T., & More, T. A., (1991) “Measuring the existence value of wildlife: What do CVM estimates really show ”. Land Economics 67(4): 390– 400. Stevens, T. H., More, T. A., & Glass, R. J., (1993) “Measuring the existence value of wildlife: Reply”. Land Economics 69(3): 309–312. 54
El Nido Revisited: Ecotourism, Logging and Fisheries GREGOR HODGSON & JOHN A. DIXON ABSTRACT Logging in tropical countries has had serious environmental consequences that have received much publicity, especially with respect to land-based impacts. This study deals with the effects of logging on the marine environment, particularly the impact of siltation on fisheries and tourism. The case study centres on the coastal town of El Nido, located on the Philippine island of Palawan. Marine activities include traditional fisheries and diverelated tourism. The first stage of the study was made in 1986, and it found that forest logging on land surrounding a large bay could severely limit the viability of these other two industries and restrict their future income-earning. A cost-benefit analysis predicted that over a 10-year time horizon, logging would generate gross revenues of US$ 8.6 million, much less than the predicted revenue foregone from the fisheries and tourism industries due to logging impacts (US$ 6.2 million and 13.9 million respectively). The study concluded that logging would produce a net negative cash flow if the external effects on the fishing and tourism industries were included. Hence, it was recommended that the viability of logging be carefully re-examined. This did happen, and logging was banned by the national government in Palawan, and the bay was declared a Marine Reserve. A resurvey of El Nido in 1996 revealed that the predictions about tourism growth were correct, if an underestimate. Preservation of the unique forest ecosystem had allowed ecotourism to flourish. The hillsides and corals themselves had recovered from the effects of logging, but increased fishing pressures due a variety of causes had resulted in overfishing and severely reduced populations of most high-value species of fish and shellfish. INTRODUCTION Sediment production is a natural process. Long before humans existed on earth, wind and rain were washing soil into rivers and streams. Unfortunately, most human endeavours, which come under the term ‘development’, tend to increase erosion rates. Farming, building or road construction and deforestation all increase the rate of soil erosion and sediment input into streams. Historically, the economic impacts of accelerated soil erosion and sedimentation have been recognised and evaluated in two main areas. First, economic losses may be incurred when accelerated erosion results in valuable, nutrientrich topsoil being washed away from farmland, lowering agricultural productivity. Second, high levels of sediment inputs to rivers have been recognised for the economic losses caused when hydroelectric and agricultural dams become choked with silt, reducing power production, economic life span and at worst, rendering dams useless (Goodland & Ledec 1986). Although both economists and ecologists realise that nearly all rivers eventually empty into the ocean, until very recently, few attempts had been made to determine the ecological and economic implications of increasing amounts of sediment being washed into coastal areas. The main problem, of course, has been that both natural scientists and economists tend to specialise and focus on one idea at a time. Foresters, soil scientists and agricul- 55
Page 2 and 3: Collected Essays on the Economics o
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 6 and 7: Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
Page 8 and 9: ● ● ● ● assessing the threa
Page 10 and 11: fishing is lucrative from the indiv
Page 12 and 13: Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
Page 14 and 15: Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
Page 16 and 17: Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
Page 18 and 19: Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
Page 20 and 21: Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
Page 24 and 25: people live from the Park, the high
Page 26 and 27: duction or logging) would have an e
Page 28 and 29: Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
Page 30 and 31: Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
Page 32 and 33: Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 38 and 39: Assessing the Benefits of Improving
Page 40 and 41: 2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
Page 42 and 43: Five groups were given and the resp
Page 44 and 45: The total sample mean was similar a
Page 46 and 47: one of the five categories were nex
Page 48 and 49: 4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
Page 50 and 51: able for tourists versus locals was
Page 54 and 55: turists who regularly handle soil e
Page 56 and 57: expanding tourist industry based on
Page 58 and 59: ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
Page 60 and 61: Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
Page 62 and 63: an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
Page 64 and 65: 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
Page 66 and 67: sized animals — even at the most
Page 68 and 69: greater willingness among environme
Page 70 and 71: stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
Page 72 and 73: were affected by cyanide squirts fo
Page 74 and 75: Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
Page 76 and 77: eefs that are not too remote, can n
Page 78 and 79: Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
Page 80 and 81: Table 4. Results of base case and t
Page 82 and 83: ating the destruction of its coral
Page 84 and 85: creased. Besides these direct effec
Page 86 and 87: 3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
Page 88 and 89: 3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
Page 90 and 91: A first difference between the two
Page 92 and 93: Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
Page 94 and 95: leaching occurred in the Maldives,
Page 96 and 97: months after the coral bleaching ev
Page 98 and 99: Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
Page 100 and 101: trols. What is useful from the data
Page 102 and 103:
most disappointing: food and bevera
Page 104 and 105:
REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
Page 106 and 107:
also seem capable of providing many
Page 108 and 109:
Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
Page 110 and 111:
Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
Page 112 and 113:
lation for the spawning stock abund
Page 114 and 115:
3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
Page 116 and 117:
3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
Page 118 and 119:
4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
Page 120 and 121:
REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
Page 122 and 123:
Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
Page 124 and 125:
poses of this review, the mechanism
Page 126 and 127:
Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1. Comparison of restoration
Page 130 and 131:
elating to the case studies. Recrea
Page 132 and 133:
Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135:
Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
Page 136 and 137:
1995). Global annual retail value o
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
Page 140 and 141:
2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
Page 142 and 143:
destructive, since corals are often
Page 144 and 145:
(input factors are indicated by blu
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
Page 148 and 149:
stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151:
STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
Page 152 and 153:
32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155:
Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
Page 156 and 157:
▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159:
The Park was re-established and rev
Page 160 and 161:
associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163:
Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165:
A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
Page 166 and 167:
Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169:
Level Target Respondent Information
Page 170 and 171:
Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
Page 172 and 173:
Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
Page 174 and 175:
as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
Page 176 and 177:
Table 5. Results of the Econometric
Page 178 and 179:
ties may not reveal their true perc
Page 180 and 181:
Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183:
ICZM guides jointly the activities
Page 184 and 185:
such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187:
2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
Page 188 and 189:
marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191:
the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193:
4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195:
Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197:
Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199:
Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201:
Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203:
Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205:
The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207:
5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209:
Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
Page 210 and 211:
MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213:
the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215:
▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217:
has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219:
seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221:
Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223:
The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225:
their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227:
Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229:
ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231:
50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233:
● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235:
onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237:
7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239:
Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241:
perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242:
Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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