Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

their overall economic benefit to increase investment more in coastal resource management. If we assume that no investment is made and business as usual prevails with overfishing and degradation worsening, there will be a continued decline of the coastal resources upon which Olango Island communities depend. It would also lead to a decline in the off-island tourism industry based on Mactan Island. One way to illustrate this effect is to look at the potential for increased revenue from improved and intensely managed reef areas such as the Giluntongan marine sanctuary. This sanctuary reef area is visited by up to 100 divers per day and if management improves, with implementation of anchor facilities, mooring fees and other regulations, it will produce much more revenue than the average reef area of Olango Island. A quick calculation shows that about US$ 200,000 annual net revenues can be generated from the marine sanctuary, if properly managed. Figure 3 indicates the levels of net revenue possible from the resources of Olango Island by unit area. If the quality of the resource base improves, so will revenues in the long-term to all concerned, on and off the island. 6. CONCLUSIONS It is apparent from this analysis that local and national government in the Philippines can justify larger allocations of their annual budgets in managing coastal resources. Olango Island is a microcosm of the Philippines where the coastal natural resource base holds much potential to improve the incomes and quality of life of people if only it is protected and managed for sustainable use. The benefit/cost returns of about 15:1 from Gilutungan Island Marine Sanctuary and about 30:1 for the whole of Olango Island are impressive. These benefit cost ratios assume increasing investment in management of coastal resources. Unfortunately such management is not immediately forthcoming and requires expertise, dedicated people and programs. These costs can all be justified in economic terms as for Olango Island where the annual incremental benefits from coral reef and wetland generated fisheries and tourism of US$ 1.4 million are much more than the associated costs. The economic benefits from coastal resource management in Olango almost all accrue to the local residents and businesses. It is hoped that this analysis will encourage more such investment on the part of the local governments and private sector groups. 200,000 Total benefits Tourism benfit Fisheries benfit US$ per km 2 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 21,000 0 (seaweed farming) 2,300 Costs 0 (mangrove wood) 2,000 Giluntungan Marine Olango Island Olango Island Sanctury Reef Reef Wetland Figure 3. Incremental benefits from Olango Island resource use per km 2 for different management regimes and the cost of management. 6. REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., & Russ, G. R., (1990) “A Direct Test of the Effects of Protective Management on Abundance and Yield of Tropical Marine Resources”. J. Cons.,CIEM 46:40–47. Arin, T., (1997) Survey on Diver Valuation of Coral Reefs Using the Contingent Valuation Method. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, Document No. 7-CRM/ 1997, 12 p. Barber, C. V., & Pratt, V. R., (1997) Sullied Seas Strategies for Combating Cyanide Fshing in Southeast Asia and Beyond. World Resources Institute, International Marinelife Alliance. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) (1993) Fish Price Wholesale Price per Kilogram of Selected Species, Philippines, 1984–1993. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Manila. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) (1997) 1996 Philippine Profile. Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Manila. 226 ALAN T. WHITE, MICHAEL ROSS & MONETTE FLORES:
Calumpong, H. P., Estacion, J. S., & Lepiten, M., (1997) Status of the Coastal Resources of the Olango Learning Site. Silliman University Marine Laboratory, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Cesar, H., (1996) The Economic Value of Indonesian Coral Reefs. Environment Division, World Bank, 9 p. Chou, L. M., Wilkinson, C., Gomez, E., & Sudara, S., (1994) “Status of Coral Reefs in the ASEAN Region”. In: Wilkinson, C., (ed.) Living Coastal Resources of Southeast Asia: Status and management. Report of the Consultative Forum, Bangkok, Thailand, May 1994. p. 8–12. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP) (1998) Results of Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment of Olango Island. CRMP Document and Maps, Cebu City. Costanza, R., Farber, S. C., & Maxwell, J., (1989) “Valuation and Management of Wetland Ecosystems”. Ecol. Econ. 1: 335–361. Courtney, C. A., Atchue, J. A., III, Carreon, M., White, A. T., Smith, R. P., Deguit, E., Sievert, R., & Navarro, R., (1999) Coastal Resource Management for Food Security. Bookmark, Inc., Makati City for Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, Document No. 39-CRM/1998. Department of Tourism (1998) Philippine Statistical Report on Tourism for 1997. Dumon, M. P., (1999) Market Study for the Olango Birds and Seascape Tour (OBST). Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, Document No. 07-CRM/1999. Gomez, E. D., (1991) “Coral Reef Ecosystems and Resources of the Philippines”. Canopy Int. 16(5): 1–12. Gomez, E. D., Alino, P. M., Yap, H. T., & Licuanan, W. Y., (1994) “A Review of the Status of Philippine Reefs”. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 29(1–3): 62–68. Juinio-Menez, M. A., & Newkirk, G. F., (1995) “Philippine Coastal Resources Under Stress”. Selected papers from the Fourth Annual Common Property Conference held in Manila, June 16–19, 1993, Coastal Resources Research Network, Dalhousie University and Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines. 240 p. Parras, D. A., Portigo, M. F., & White, A. T., (1998) “Coastal Resources Management in Olango Island: Challenges and Opportunities”. Tambuli: A Publication for Coastal Management Practitioners, Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, No. 4, pp. 1–9. Rubec, P. J., (1988) “The Need for Conservation and Management of Philippine Coral Reefs”. Environ. Biol. Fish. 23(1–2): 141–154. Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996), “Do Marine Reserves Export Adult Fish Biomass Evidence from Apo Island, Central Philippines”. Mar. Ecol. (Prog. Ser.) 132:1–9. Santos, L. C., Sotto, F. B., Heeger, T., & Albert, S. D., (1997) Livelihood and the Environment: Inextricable Issue in Olango Island. University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines. Schatz, R. E., (1991) Economic Rent Study for the Philippines Fisheries Sector Program. Asian Development Bank Technical Assistance 1208-PHI, Manila, 42 p. Schema Konsult, Inc. (1996) Mactan Island Integrated Master Plan Study. Volume 1, Cebu City, Philippines. Sotto, F. B., Gatus, J. L., Dy, D. T., & Freire, F. M., (2000) The Coastal Environment Profile of Olango Island, Central Philippines. Coastal Resource Management Project, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and University of San Carlos Marine Biology Section, Philippines. University of San Carlos-Marine Biology Section (USC-MBS) (1988) Baseline Study of the Marine Flora and Fauna of Poo and Talima Bays, Olango Island. Technical Report, 118 p. Vogt, P. H., (1997) “The Economic Benefits of Tourism in the Marine Reserve of Apo Island, Philippines”, presented at the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium, June 1997, Panama, 7 p. White, A. T., (1987) Coral reefs: Valuable resources of Southeast Asia. ICLARM Education Series 1, 36 p. White, A. T., & Cruz-Trinidad, A., (1998) The Values of Philippine Coastal Resources: Why Protection and Management are Critical. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, 96 p. White, A. T., & Savina, G. C., (1987) ”Reef Fish Yield and Nonreef Catch of Apo Island, Negros, Philippines”. Asian Mar. Biol. 4: 67–76. Yap, H. T., & Gomez, E. D., (1985) “Coral Reef Degradation and Pollution in the East Asian Seas Region, p. 185–207”. In: Dahl, A. L., & Carew-Reid, J., (eds.) Environment and Resources in the Pacific. UNEP Regional Seas Rep. and Studies No. 69. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This contribution was made possible by the Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines, implemented by Tetra Tech EM Inc. and supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms and conditions of Contract No. AID-492-0444-C-00-60028-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID. Herman Cesar, Mary Gleason and Tom Bayer are thanked for valuable review comments. Glenn Gonzaga provided data on tourism revenues. Leslie Tinapay, Angelita Alvarado and Melvin Teoxon assisted with production. GEOPLAN Cebu produced the maps. Document 04-CRM/2000. BENEFITS AND COSTS OF CORAL REEF AND WETLAND MANAGEMENT, OLANGO ISLAND, PHILIPPINES 227
Page 2 and 3:
Collected Essays on the Economics o
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 6 and 7:
Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
Page 8 and 9:
● ● ● ● assessing the threa
Page 10 and 11:
fishing is lucrative from the indiv
Page 12 and 13:
Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
Page 14 and 15:
Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
Page 18 and 19:
Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
Page 20 and 21:
Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
Page 22 and 23:
Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
Page 24 and 25:
people live from the Park, the high
Page 26 and 27:
duction or logging) would have an e
Page 28 and 29:
Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
Page 30 and 31:
Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
Page 32 and 33:
Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Assessing the Benefits of Improving
Page 40 and 41:
2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
Page 42 and 43:
Five groups were given and the resp
Page 44 and 45:
The total sample mean was similar a
Page 46 and 47:
one of the five categories were nex
Page 48 and 49:
4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
Page 50 and 51:
able for tourists versus locals was
Page 52 and 53:
problem that where respondents are
Page 54 and 55:
turists who regularly handle soil e
Page 56 and 57:
expanding tourist industry based on
Page 58 and 59:
ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
Page 60 and 61:
Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
Page 62 and 63:
an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
Page 64 and 65:
25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
Page 66 and 67:
sized animals — even at the most
Page 68 and 69:
greater willingness among environme
Page 70 and 71:
stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
Page 72 and 73:
were affected by cyanide squirts fo
Page 74 and 75:
Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
Page 76 and 77:
eefs that are not too remote, can n
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4. Results of base case and t
Page 82 and 83:
ating the destruction of its coral
Page 84 and 85:
creased. Besides these direct effec
Page 86 and 87:
3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
Page 88 and 89:
3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
Page 90 and 91:
A first difference between the two
Page 92 and 93:
Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
Page 94 and 95:
leaching occurred in the Maldives,
Page 96 and 97:
months after the coral bleaching ev
Page 98 and 99:
Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
Page 100 and 101:
trols. What is useful from the data
Page 102 and 103:
most disappointing: food and bevera
Page 104 and 105:
REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
Page 106 and 107:
also seem capable of providing many
Page 108 and 109:
Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
Page 110 and 111:
Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
Page 112 and 113:
lation for the spawning stock abund
Page 114 and 115:
3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
Page 116 and 117:
3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
Page 118 and 119:
4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
Page 120 and 121:
REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
Page 122 and 123:
Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
Page 124 and 125:
poses of this review, the mechanism
Page 126 and 127:
Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1. Comparison of restoration
Page 130 and 131:
elating to the case studies. Recrea
Page 132 and 133:
Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135:
Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
Page 136 and 137:
1995). Global annual retail value o
Page 138 and 139:
Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
Page 140 and 141:
2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
Page 142 and 143:
destructive, since corals are often
Page 144 and 145:
(input factors are indicated by blu
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
Page 148 and 149:
stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151:
STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
Page 152 and 153:
32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155:
Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
Page 156 and 157:
▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159:
The Park was re-established and rev
Page 160 and 161:
associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163:
Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165:
A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
Page 166 and 167:
Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169:
Level Target Respondent Information
Page 170 and 171:
Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
Page 172 and 173:
Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
Page 174 and 175: as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
Page 176 and 177: Table 5. Results of the Econometric
Page 178 and 179: ties may not reveal their true perc
Page 180 and 181: Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183: ICZM guides jointly the activities
Page 184 and 185: such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187: 2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
Page 188 and 189: marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191: the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193: 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195: Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197: Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203: Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205: The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207: 5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
Page 210 and 211: MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213: the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215: ▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217: has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219: seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221: Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223: The essential activities that can e
Page 226 and 227: Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229: ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231: 50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233: ● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235: onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237: 7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239: Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241: perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242: Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
show all

Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?