Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems in PBPA and their Perceived Economic Values*. values direct economic value ________________________________________________________________ Services Area Fishery Forestry Forestry Tourism Recreation Navigation & Functions (km 2 ) (habitat; catch) (charcoal, etc.) (non-timber) (game, etc.) Biotopes Marine 1356 xxx – – xxx xx xxx Sea–grass xxx – – – – – Coral Reefs xxx – – xx xx – Islets 1 – – – xxx – – Rest Shelf x – – x xx xxx Wetlands 82 xx x x xx xx – Mangroves 55 xxx x x xx xx – Tidal Marsh 12 xx – – x – – Saline Pools 15 x – – x – – Terrestrial 438 – x x xxx xx – Forest 210 – x x xxx xx – Shrubs, etc. 20 – x x x – – Agriculture 168 – – – – – – Human/Industry 40 – – – – – – Total 1876 xxx x x xxx x xxx *The higher the guestimated value of the function, the larger the number of stars (x), from 0 to 3 stars; The circles around a set of stars indicate that the specific value for a function/resource can only be calculated for a set of ecosystems combined. The various circles in the low row ‘Totals’ indicate over 25 years in net present value terms (10% discount rate). This information will be used for the comparison of costs and benefits of the PBPA. 7. ECONOMIC VALUATION The numerous resources, services and functions (RSFs) of the three categories of ecosystems (marine; wetland; terrestrial) have been discussed in Section 3 above. Each of these RSFs has an economic value. Following the environmental economics literature (Dixon & Sherman 1990), we distinguish: (a) extractive direct use values; (b) non-extractive direct use values; (c) indirect use values; (d) non-use values. The main problem with the valuation of these RSFs is that measuring these values in monetary ways is, at the very least, quite time consuming and in some cases (nearly) impossible. Therefore, table 2 suggests a very rough first guess of the likely most relevant values for the various ecosystems as well as the size of the ecosystem (in km 2 ) represented in the PBPA. This is achieved by giving each value for each of the ecosystems a number of stars (0, 1, 2, or 3) depending on its likely importance (see table 2). In the columns without any stars, no attempt will be made to value the functions/resources in monetary terms, as explained below. An additional problem is that certain values can only be calculated for a set of ecosystems combined. In table 2, this is indicated by a circle around a set of ecosystems for a specific resource use. For instance, it is very hard to 210 HERMAN S. J. CESAR, MARCUS C. ÖHMAN, PETER ESPEUT & MICHELLE HONKANEN:
indirect economic value _______________________________________ non-use ___________________ Waste Sediment Coastal Carbon Biodiversity Cultural Etc. treatment retention protection fixation Heritage xx xx xxx – xxx x xx xx x – xxx – x x xx – xx – – – xxx – – xx x x x – – – xxx xxx xx xx xxx – xxx xxx xxx xx xxx – xxx xxx x – x – x x x – x – x xx x x xxx xx x xx x x xxx x – – x x – – – – – – x – – – – xx x xx xxx x xxx xx discuss the fisheries for mangroves, reefs, sea-grass and tidal marshes separately in the PBPA given the complex interrelationships between these ecosystems: some groupers use the open ocean in their larval stage, the mangrove area during part of their juvenile stage and the reefs as adults. For the tourism and recreation function, a somewhat similar situation exists: most tourists are interested in a package of cultural and various nature experiences, rather than in individual elements of the package. A number of different valuation techniques exist in the environmental economic literature to express the importance of the ecosystem functions in monetary terms. Key references are Dixon and Hufschmidt (1986) and Barton (1994) (see also the overview essay by Cesar in this monograph, pp. 14–39). These techniques will be used to value resources of the Portland Bight area. Some of the data are specifically from the this area, while other data are drawn from so-called benefit transfers. This applies when monetary estimates from one location are taken as proxy for the value of another location (e.g. Barton 1994). In the discussion below, the use of benefit transfers will be explicitly stated. Fisheries The total yield of the Portland Bight fishery was 1088,4 t in 1997. This corresponds to 0.8 mt km –2 yr –1 . Haughton (1988) suggested that the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for the south Jamaican fishery is 2.2 t km –2 (Cesar et al. 2000). Given the relatively low capital intensity, this is close to the maximum economic yield (MEY). The discrepancy between actual yields and the ECONOMIC VALUATION OF AN INTEGRATED TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA: JAMAICA’S PORTLAND BIGHT 211
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Collected Essays on the Economics o
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
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● ● ● ● assessing the threa
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fishing is lucrative from the indiv
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Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
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Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
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Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
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Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
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Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
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Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
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people live from the Park, the high
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duction or logging) would have an e
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Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
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Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
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Assessing the Benefits of Improving
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2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
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Five groups were given and the resp
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The total sample mean was similar a
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one of the five categories were nex
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4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
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able for tourists versus locals was
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problem that where respondents are
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turists who regularly handle soil e
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expanding tourist industry based on
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ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
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Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
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an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
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25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
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sized animals — even at the most
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greater willingness among environme
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stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
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were affected by cyanide squirts fo
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Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
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eefs that are not too remote, can n
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Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
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Table 4. Results of base case and t
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ating the destruction of its coral
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creased. Besides these direct effec
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3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
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3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
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REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
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also seem capable of providing many
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Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
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4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
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Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
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poses of this review, the mechanism
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Supervision and training of labour
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Table 1. Comparison of restoration
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elating to the case studies. Recrea
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Value of reef products and services
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Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
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1995). Global annual retail value o
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Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
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2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
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destructive, since corals are often
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(input factors are indicated by blu
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Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
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stages when natural mortality is hi
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STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
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32 Several efforts along these line
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Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
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▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159: The Park was re-established and rev
Page 160 and 161: associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163: Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165: A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
Page 166 and 167: Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169: Level Target Respondent Information
Page 170 and 171: Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
Page 174 and 175: as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
Page 176 and 177: Table 5. Results of the Econometric
Page 178 and 179: ties may not reveal their true perc
Page 180 and 181: Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183: ICZM guides jointly the activities
Page 184 and 185: such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187: 2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
Page 188 and 189: marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191: the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193: 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195: Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197: Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203: Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205: The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207: 5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 210 and 211: MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213: the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215: ▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217: has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219: seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221: Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223: The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225: their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227: Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229: ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231: 50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233: ● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235: onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237: 7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239: Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241: perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242: Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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