Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank, Washington D.C. email: jmuller@worldbank.org Marcus C. Öhman, Research Scientist, Dept. of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden email: marcus.ohman@zoologi.su.se Jos S. Pet, The Nature Conservancy Coastal & Marine Program, Indonesia. email: jpet@attglobal.net Lida Pet-Soede, Fisheries Management Consultant, Bali, Indonesia email: lidapet@attglobal.net Sibylle Riedmiller, Environmental Consultant and Project Director of Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd., Zanzibar, Tanzania email: chumbe.island@raha.com Callum Roberts, Senior Lecturer, Environment Department, University of York, York, U.K. email: cr10york.ac.uk Lynda Rodwell, Doctoral Student,Environment Department, University of York, York, U.K. email: ldr102@york.ac.uk Michael Ross, Field Operations Coordinator, Coastal Resource Management Project, Tetra Tech EM Inc., Cebu City, Philippines email: mikeross@mozcom.com Yvonne Sadovy, Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China email: yjsadovy@hkusua.hku.hk Louise F. Scura, Senior Environmental Economist, EASRD, World Bank, Washington D.C. email: lscura@worldbank.org Clive L. Spash, Director of Cambridge Research for the Environment (CRE), Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, UK email: cls27@cam.ac.uk James Spurgeon, Principal Environmental Economist/ Scientist, Gibb Ltd, LAWGIBB Group, Reading, England email: jspurgeo@gibb.lawco.com Ekko van Ierland, Professor of Environmental Economics, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands email: ekko.vanierland@alg.shhk.wag-ur.nl Tom van’t Hof, Marine & Coastal Resource Management Consulting, The Bottom, Saba, Netherlands Antilles email: fpsaba1@sintmaarten.net Kimberley A. Warren, National Research Council Fellow, NASA and Postdoctoral researcher, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China email: kim_lamma@yahoo.com Susie Westmacott, Independent consultant and PhD candidate, Centre of Tropical Coastal Management, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK email: s.westmacott@ncl.ac.uk Alan White, Deputy Chief of Party, Coastal Resource Management Project, Tetra Tech EM Inc., Cebu City, Philippines email: awhite@mozcom.com CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS, THEIR AFFILIATIONS, AND THEIR EMAIL ADDRESSES
Page 2 and 3:
Collected Essays on the Economics o
Page 4 and 5:
Table of Contents Acknowledgements
Page 6 and 7:
Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
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● ● ● ● assessing the threa
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fishing is lucrative from the indiv
Page 12 and 13:
Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
Page 14 and 15:
Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
Page 18 and 19:
Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
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Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
Page 22 and 23:
Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
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people live from the Park, the high
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duction or logging) would have an e
Page 28 and 29:
Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
Page 30 and 31:
Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Assessing the Benefits of Improving
Page 40 and 41:
2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
Page 42 and 43:
Five groups were given and the resp
Page 44 and 45:
The total sample mean was similar a
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one of the five categories were nex
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4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
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able for tourists versus locals was
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problem that where respondents are
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turists who regularly handle soil e
Page 56 and 57:
expanding tourist industry based on
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ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
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Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
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an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
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25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
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sized animals — even at the most
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greater willingness among environme
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stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
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were affected by cyanide squirts fo
Page 74 and 75:
Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
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eefs that are not too remote, can n
Page 78 and 79:
Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
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Table 4. Results of base case and t
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ating the destruction of its coral
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creased. Besides these direct effec
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3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
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3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
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REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
Page 106 and 107:
also seem capable of providing many
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Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
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4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
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Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
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poses of this review, the mechanism
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Supervision and training of labour
Page 128 and 129:
Table 1. Comparison of restoration
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elating to the case studies. Recrea
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Value of reef products and services
Page 134 and 135:
Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
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1995). Global annual retail value o
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Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
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2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
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destructive, since corals are often
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(input factors are indicated by blu
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Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
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stages when natural mortality is hi
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STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
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32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155:
Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
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▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
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The Park was re-established and rev
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associated with dive tourism and th
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Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
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A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
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Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169:
Level Target Respondent Information
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Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
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Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
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as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
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Table 5. Results of the Econometric
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ties may not reveal their true perc
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Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
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ICZM guides jointly the activities
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such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187:
2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
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marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191:
the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193: 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195: Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 196 and 197: Appendix. Economic valuation studie
Page 198 and 199: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203: Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205: The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207: 5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
Page 210 and 211: MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213: the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215: ▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217: has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219: seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221: Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223: The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225: their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227: Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229: ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231: 50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233: ● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235: onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237: 7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239: Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241: perfect but not completed and origi
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