Cesar2000-Economics of Coral Reefs.pdf

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Appendix. Economic valuation studies on Coral Reefs (based on Cartier and Ruitenbeek, 1999) Ecosystem and Approach _____________________ Valuation Results Original Study Utility Production Rent Option & Existence Values (for Habitats) Existence and ■ CVM: A$ 45 million/yr consumer surplus or A$ 4/visit WTP to en- Option Value, sure that the Great Barrier Reef is maintained in its current state; Great Barrier Reef based on a 1986 mail survey of Australian citizens 15+ yrs old; (Hundloe et al. 1987) estimate excludes respondents who had visited the Reef. Inspiration and ■ Expenditures: $ 0.20/ha/yr for cultural/artistic inspirational use, Spiritual Values, based on sales of books and films; $ 0.52/hr/yr for spiritual use, Galapagos based on donations.Inspiration value is classified as productive National Park use value; spiritual value as conservation value. Both are in- (de Groot 1992) cluded here as they are both arguably vicarious use values. Option Value, ■ US$ 120/ha/yr which is equal to the total value of all the Park’s Galapagos conservation and productive use values combined. Conserva- National Park tion values include inter alia habitat/refugia value, recreation; (de Groot 1992) productive uses include food, construction materials, etc. Non-use Value ■ CVM: Survey design specifically targeted to dealing with Montego Bay lexicographic preferences through probing of zero bids and Coral Reefs analysis of zero bids using tobit estimation. Expected WTP for (Spash et al. 1998) tourists ranged from $ 1.17 to $ 2.98 for 25% coral reef improvement; for locals range was $ 1.66 to $ 4.26 Upper values were for respondents perceiving strong moral duties and rights; lower were for no such duties/rights. Based on population characteristics, non-use NPV of Montego Bay reefs estimated to be US$ 19.6 million. Non-use Value ■ CVM: Similar survey design as Montego Bay study, above. Ex- Curaçao pected WTP for tourists ranged from $ 0.26 to $ 5.82; for locals Coral Reefs range was $ 0.19 to $ 4.05. Based on population characteristics, (Spash et al. 1998) non-use NPV of Curaçao reefs estimated to be US$ 4.5 million. Direct Use Values for Marine Areas — Harvested Products Fisheries Valuation ■ Productivity Change: Gross Revenue A$ 143 million (1996); Great Barrier Reef based on 1995/96 catch data for major commercial species, (Driml 1999) and a survey of current fish prices.Study updates Driml (1994) estimates presented in Driml (1997) and Driml et al. (1997). Fisheries Valuation ■ Productivity Change: PV Gross Revenue $ 9108 with logging Bacuit Bay, vs $ 17,248 with logging ban; based on assumed constant Philippines returns to scale of natural systems; and on regression analyses (Hodgson & of sediment loading, coral cover and species, and fish biomass Dixon 1988) relationships.CBA study evaluates management options: (i) continuation of logging as usual; (ii) logging ban in Bacuit Bay drainage basin. Fisheries Valuation, ■ Productivity Change: PV Gross Revenues (billion Rp): –2 to 103 Taka Bone Rate without management vs 47 to 777 with management; based on Coral Reef Atoll, fishing activity surveys; and sensitivity analyses wherein fish Indonesia catch declines range 0–15% and discount rates vary 5–15%. (Sawyer 1992) CBA study evaluates management options: (i) no management; (ii) establishment of marine park with regulated fishing. 198 KENT GUSTAVSON & RICHARD M. HUBER:
Ecosystem and Approach _____________________ Valuation Results Original Study Utility Production Rent Fisheries Valuation, ■ Productivity Change: NPV of fisheries loss/sq km of reef: Indonesia $ 40,000 (poison fishing); $ 86,000 (blast fishing); $ 94,000 Coral Reefs (coral mining); $ 81 (sedimentation); $ 109 (overfishing); based (Cesar 1996) on assumptions about the reef and fishery impacts of these practices. Study uses CBA to compare the private and social net benefits of a sustainably managed reef fishery, with those of a fishery subjected to detrimental fishing practices, coral mining, or sedimentation. Fisheries Valuation, ■ Productivity Change: $ 80 million/yr in lost fish production Philippines caused by dynamiting, muro-ami, and poisoning of coral reefs; (McAllister 1988) based on estimates of current and potential production. Production levels are calculated for varying levels of reef damage. Aquarium Trade, ■ Productivity Change: Global aquarium trade attributable to the Philippines Philippine Coral Reefs: $ 10 million in 1988 could be increased (McAllister 1988) by 50% with sustainable production practices. The price of Philippine aquarium species is discounted internationally due to method of capture. Productive ■ ■ Productivity Change: $ 0.40/ha/yr (permitted) ornamental Use Values, product sales; $ 0.70/ha/yr local fish and crustacean harvest; Galapagos $ 5.20/ha/yr construction materials value (terrestrial and National Park coastal areas). de Groot classifies ornamental resources, food, (de Groot 1992) and construction materials as having productive use value within the ‘production function’category of environmental functions. Artisanal Fisheries ■ ■ Productivity Change: Net Present Value US$ 1.31 million Valuation (1996); includes trap, net, hand line and spear-fishing by local Montego Bay fishers. Cost of inputs is deducted from gross values to arrive Coral Reefs at net values. Base case assumes shadow price of labor of (Gustavson 1998) 75% market rate; 100% market valuation leads to negative NPVs for fishing. Direct Use Values for Marine Areas — Recreation & Tourism Recreation Value ■ Productivity Change: Gross Recreation Value A$ 769 (1996), Great Barrier Reef includes A$ 647 for commercial tourism and A$ 123 for (Driml 1999) recreational fishing & boating; based on volume & price data for hotel stays & reef trips, and survey data for private recreational boat use. This study updates Driml (1994). Visits to ■ TCM: A$ 144 million/yr consumer surplus for domestic tourists Great Barrier Reef and international tourists; based on travel cost expenditure by ‘Region’ visitors to the ‘Reef Region’. (Hundloe et al. 1987) Visits to Coral Sites and ■ TCM: A$ 106 million/yr consumer surplus; based on travel the ‘Reef Region’ of costs to coral sites by both domestic and international tourists, the Great Barrier Reef and includes all attributes of the ‘Reef Region’. (Hundloe et al. 1987) ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC DECISION SUPPORT MODELLING FOR THE INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT OF CORAL REEFS 199
Page 2 and 3:
Collected Essays on the Economics o
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements
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Foreword Corals and coral reefs hav
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● ● ● ● assessing the threa
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fishing is lucrative from the indiv
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Coral Reefs: Their Functions, Threa
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Table 1. Ecosystem functions and co
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Figure 1. Yield of Trochus Shells i
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Figure 2. Total Economic Value and
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Table 3. Total Net Benefits and Los
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Table 5. Valuation Techniques used
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people live from the Park, the high
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duction or logging) would have an e
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Hatcher, B. G., Johannes, R. E., &
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Thorhaug, A., (1992) “Oil Spills
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Authors Threats Mgt. Description Is
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Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Assessing the Benefits of Improving
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2.2 Coral Reef Quality Change and t
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Five groups were given and the resp
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The total sample mean was similar a
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one of the five categories were nex
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4.4 Protecting Rights and the Desir
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able for tourists versus locals was
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problem that where respondents are
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turists who regularly handle soil e
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expanding tourist industry based on
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ism and fisheries. Logging activiti
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Table 2. Fisheries gross revenue an
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an ‘Environmentally Critical Area
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25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0
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sized animals — even at the most
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greater willingness among environme
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stroyed was 7.5 fish times 0.19 ope
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were affected by cyanide squirts fo
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Russ, G. R., (1991) “Coral reef f
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eefs that are not too remote, can n
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Table 2. Estimated net income (US$/
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Table 4. Results of base case and t
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ating the destruction of its coral
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creased. Besides these direct effec
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3. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: SOCIETAL COST
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3.2 Case Study 2: Sri Lanka The soc
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A first difference between the two
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Coral Bleaching in the Indian Ocean
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leaching occurred in the Maldives,
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months after the coral bleaching ev
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Level of importance 35 30 25 20 15
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trols. What is useful from the data
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most disappointing: food and bevera
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REFERENCES Anderson, R. C., Waheed,
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also seem capable of providing many
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Table 1. Summary of Findings of Eco
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Table 2-A. Summary Table of Bioecon
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lation for the spawning stock abund
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3.2.1 DENSITY-DEPENDENT MIGRATION M
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3.2.3 DENSITY-DEPENDENT AND UNI-DIR
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4.2 Habitat Protection A critical a
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REFERENCES Alcala, A. C., (1989)
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Russ, G. R., & Alcala, A. C., (1996
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poses of this review, the mechanism
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Supervision and training of labour
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Table 1. Comparison of restoration
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elating to the case studies. Recrea
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Value of reef products and services
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Fitzharding, R. C., & Bailey-Brock,
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1995). Global annual retail value o
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Table 1. Market Prices in Hong Kong
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2.3 Recent Trends The Asian financi
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destructive, since corals are often
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(input factors are indicated by blu
Page 146 and 147: Table 2. Challenges of grouper cult
Page 148 and 149: stages when natural mortality is hi
Page 150 and 151: STRENGTHEN ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORI
Page 152 and 153: 32 Several efforts along these line
Page 154 and 155: Jones, R., (1997) “Effects of Cya
Page 156 and 157: ▲ An Economic and Ecological Anal
Page 158 and 159: The Park was re-established and rev
Page 160 and 161: associated with dive tourism and th
Page 162 and 163: Apparent stress threshold B A S 1 P
Page 164 and 165: A Comparative Study of Socio-Econom
Page 166 and 167: Table 1. Key Site Characteristics C
Page 168 and 169: Level Target Respondent Information
Page 170 and 171: Table 2. Variables Used in the Econ
Page 172 and 173: Table 3. Tied P-Values for Differen
Page 174 and 175: as, lagoons and coral reefs were pe
Page 176 and 177: Table 5. Results of the Econometric
Page 178 and 179: ties may not reveal their true perc
Page 180 and 181: Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., John Park
Page 182 and 183: ICZM guides jointly the activities
Page 184 and 185: such as alternative means of beach
Page 186 and 187: 2.3.2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO UTILITY —
Page 188 and 189: marginal benefit function, relating
Page 190 and 191: the type of use, are not linked to
Page 192 and 193: 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DECISION S
Page 194 and 195: Huber, R. M., & Jameson, S. C., (19
Page 198 and 199: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 200 and 201: Ecosystem and Approach ____________
Page 202 and 203: Contemporary national development p
Page 204 and 205: The PBPA contains four prominent ex
Page 206 and 207: 5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM S
Page 208 and 209: Table 2. Categories of Ecosystems i
Page 210 and 211: MEY shows the enormous level of ove
Page 212 and 213: the ecosystem together. The total (
Page 214 and 215: ▲ tourism, coastal protection and
Page 216 and 217: has dramatically decreased from abo
Page 218 and 219: seaweed per year is generating abou
Page 220 and 221: Table 4. Current (1999) annual net
Page 222 and 223: The essential activities that can e
Page 224 and 225: their overall economic benefit to i
Page 226 and 227: Private Sector Management of Marine
Page 228 and 229: ety of important conservation and o
Page 230 and 231: 50 40 # incidents 30 20 10 0 J A J
Page 232 and 233: ● Investment security is reduced
Page 234 and 235: onmental practices, and therefore t
Page 236 and 237: 7.4 NGOs Are Not Always Accountable
Page 238 and 239: Sterner, T, & Andersson, J., (1998)
Page 240 and 241: perfect but not completed and origi
Page 242: Jeff Muller, Economist, World Bank,
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