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Yablokov: Nonmalignant Diseases after Chernobyl 107TABLE 5.46. Quantitative Parameters of IntellectualDevelopment of Heavily Irradiated Evacuees’Children from Pripyat City and Less Exposed Childrenfrom Kiev City (Yablokov et al., 2006)Irradiated, Controls,n = 108 n = 73Verbal intelligence 107 116Distinctions pIQ-vIQ 10.4 2.9 ∗∗ p < 0.05.9. Children exposed in utero at 16 to 25 weeksof gestation developed a range of conditions,including:• Increased incidence of mental and personalitydisorders owing to brain injury orbrain dysfunction (F06, F07).• Disorders of psychological development(F80–F89).• Paroxysmal states (headache syndromes,G44; migraine, G43; epileptiform syndromes,G40).• Somatoform autonomic dysfunction(F45.3).• Behavioral and emotional disorders ofchildhood (F90–F99).10. Quantitative parameters of intellectualdevelopment (IQ) of the heavily irradiatedevacuees’ children from Pripyat City wereworse than those of the less heavily irradiatedchildren from Kiev City (Table 5.46).11. A marked growth of adult nervous systemmorbidity was observed in the contaminatedterritories during the first 6 years after thecatastrophe, especially after 1990 (Table 5.47).12. Nervous system and sense organ morbidityin the contaminated territories increased3.8- to 5-fold between 1988 and 1999. Amongadult evacuees these illnesses occurred significantlymore often than in the population as awhole (Prysyazhnyuk et al., 2002). In 1994, nervoussystem illnesses in adults and teenagersand among evacuees accounted for 10.1% ofthe overall morbidity in the contaminated territories(Grodzinsky, 1999).TABLE 5.47. Nervous System Morbidity (per10,000 Adults) in the Contaminated Territories ofUkraine, 1987–1992 (Nyagu, 1995a)Number of cases1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992All nervous 264 242 356 563 1,504 1,402system diseasesVasomotor 128 43 32 372 391 312dyscrasia ∗∗ In Russian-language literature often named “vegetativevascular dystonia,” also known as autonomic nervoussystem dysfunction.13. From 93 to 100% of the liquidatorshave neuropsychiatric disorders, with predominantlyorganic symptomatic mental disorders(F00—F09) (Loganovsky, 1999, 2000). Posttraumaticstress disorder (PTSD), psychosomatic,organic, and abnormal schizoid personalitydevelopment were documented accordingto local psychiatric classifications and ICD-10and DSM-IV criteria (Loganovsky, 2002).14. A total of 26 out of 100 randomly selectedliquidators who suffered from fatiguemet the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) diagnosticcriteria. CFS may therefore be oneof the most widespread consequences of thecatastrophe for liquidators (Loganovsky, 2000b,2003). Moreover, although CFS incidence decreasedsignificantly (p < 0.001) (from 65.5%in 1990–1995 to 10.5% in 1996–2001), the frequencyof occurrence of metabolic syndromeX (MSX—a group of risk factors for heart disease)increased significantly (p < 0.001) duringthe same period (from 15 to 48.2%). CFSand MSX are considered to be the first stagesin the development of other pathologies, andCFS can transform into MSX neurodegeneration,cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatricdisorders (Kovalenko and Loganovsky,2001; Volovik et al., 2005).15. A cross-sectional study was carried outon a representative cohort of liquidators withinthe frame of the Franco-German ChernobylInitiative (Subproject 3.8) using a compositeinternational diagnostic interview. The results