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268TABLE 10.16. The Frequency of Dominant LethalMutations (DLM) and Recessive Sex-Linked LethalMutations (RLM) in Natural Drosophila (Drosophilamelanogaster) Populations from the Vetka Districtin Gomel Province as Compared with the Populationfrom the Less Contaminated Berezinsk Reserve,Belarus (Glushkova et al., 1999)VetkaDistrictBerezinskyReserveDLM 42.76 ± 0.88 63.09 ± 0.91 ∗RLM 6.65 ± 0.66 12.64 ± 1.15 ∗∗∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.001.25. The frequency of lethal and semilethalmutations in drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster)populations is significantly higher in the Belarussiancontaminated territories (Makeevaet al., 1995).26. In natural drosophila (Drosophilamelanogaster) populations from the Vetka District,Gomel Province (radiation level of 24Ci/km 2 ), the incidence of dominant lethaland recessive sex-linked lethal mutations issignificantly lower than in the less contami-nated Berezinsky Reserve, as a result of increasedradioresistance in the irradiated population(Table 10.16).27. The highest level of mutations wasobserved in aquatic crustaceans Amphipodaand Platyhelminth worm populations in theChernobyl 10-km zone as compared with populationsfrom the Black and Aegean seas andthe Danube and Dnieper rivers (Tsytsugynaand Polycarpov, 2007).28. Table 10.17 presents some additionaldata on genetic changes in animals associatedwith the Chernobyl contamination.10.4. Changes in Other BiologicalCharacteristics1. Voles (Clethrionomys sp. and Microtus sp.)from the contaminated areas showed impairedbrain development and deformed limbs(Sokolov and Kryvolutsky, 1998).2. Neutrophilic phagocytic activity to Staphylococcusaureus in the blood serum and the B-lymphocytic system was significantly lower inTABLE 10.17. Examples of Genetic Changes in Animals as a Consequence of the Chernobyl Catastrophe(Based on Møller and Mousseau, 2006)Species Genetic marker Effect, comments ReferenceApodemus flavicollis Chromosome aberrations Increase by a factor of 3–7 Savchenko, 1995Mus musculus Reciprocal translocations Increase by a factor of 15 Pomerantseva et al., 1990,1996Clethryonomys glareolus Somatic mutation Increased ∗ Matson, 2000Multiple substitutions inCytochrome-b andtransversionsOnly from ChernobylsamplesBaker et al., 1999Mutation and heteroplasmy ∗∗ Increased ∗ Wickliffe et al., 2002Point mutations Increased ∗ Dubrova, 2003; Wickliffeet al., 2002Hirundo rustica Microsatellites Increased by a factor of 2–10 Ellegren et al., 1997Icterus punctatus DNA breakage I Increased rate Snugg, 1996Carassius carassius DNA content Changes Lingerfelser, 1997Four fish species Frequency of aneuploidy Increased Dallas, 1998Drosophila melanogaster Sex-linked lethal mutations Increased Zainullin, 1992Three OligochaetespeciesChromosomal aberrations Increased by a factor of ∼2 Tsytsugyna and Polycarpov,2003∗ Not statistically significant.∗∗ Heteroplasmy—mixed mitochondria in a single cell.