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168Figure 6.7. Thyroid cancer morbidity in five contaminated provinces of Belarus andMinsk compared to the least contaminated Grodno Province. The increase in cancer cases inthe rather less contaminated Vitebsk Province and the city of Minsk may reflect the inflow ofevacuees and refugees (Malko, 2007).8. A sharp increase in cases of thyroid cancerbegan after 1989 in persons who were 0 to18 years of age at the time of the catastrophe(Figure 6.8).9. Thyroid cancer morbidity for women inthe heavily contaminated territories is morethan fivefold higher than for men (Figure 6.9).10. In 1998–1999, thyroid cancer morbiditywas significantly higher in territories contaminatedat a level higher than 100 kBq/m 2 thanin areas with levels of less than 100 kBq/m 2(Prysyazhnyuk et al., 2007). Incidence of thyroidcancer in various provinces is illustrated inFigure 6.10.11. Thyroid cancer morbidity markedly increasedin liquidators after 2001 (Law ofUkraine, 2006).6.2.1.3. Russia1. Thyroid cancer morbidity in the age group0–30 years increased 1.5-fold from 1991 to1998 (Ivanov and Tsyb, 2002).2. From 1986 to 2000 thyroid cancer morbidityfor the entire population of Bryansk