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Yablokov: Radioactive Impact on Flora 247Figure 9.8. Anomalies in the shoots of pine (Pinus silvestris: A, B) and spruce (Picea excelsa: C–G) inthe30-km zone in 1986–1987 (Kozubov and Taskaev, 2002; Grodzinsky et al., 1991).of various teratological characteristics inplantain seedlings (Plantago lanceolata) growingwithin the 30-km zone (Frolova et al.,1993).7. The incidence of two morphologic characteristicsin winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)increasedafter the catastrophe and decreased inthe next two generations (Group 1); the frequencyof nine other morphologic characteristics(Group 2) increased in subsequent generations(Table 9.14).8. Irradiation in the contaminated territoriescaused a noticeably stronger influence onbarley pollen than did experimental gamma-irradiation done under controlled conditions(Table 9.15).9. Chernobyl radiation, causing morphogeneticbreaks, provokes the development oftumors caused by the bacterium Agrobacteriumtumefaciens. Active development of such tumorsis seen in some plants, including Hieraciummurorum, Hieracium umbellatum, Rubus idaeus,andRubus caesius, in the heavily contaminated territories(Grodzinsky et al., 1991).10. Tumorlike tissue is found in 80% of individualmilk thistle (Sonchus arvensis)plantsgrowingin heavily contaminated soil (Grodzinskyet al., 1991).TABLE 9.13. Chernobyl’s Irradiation Impact on Pine (Pinus silvestris) and Spruce (Picea abies) Morphometrics(Sorochinsky, 1998) ∗Characters Low contamination Heavy contaminationPine Length of needles, mm 60 ± 4 19 ± 3Weight of needles, mg 80 ± 3 14 ± 2Spruce Length of needles, mm 16 ± 2 40 ± 3Weight of needles, mg 5 ± 1 95 ± 5∗ All differences are significant.