Yablokov: Nonmalignant Diseases after Chernobyl 143Intellectual development after antenatal irradiation:Ten-year follow up study. Med. Radiol. Rad. Safety49(4): 29–35 (in Russian).Il’in, L. A., Balonov, M. I. & Buldakov, L. A. (1989). Ecologicalabnormalities and medical biological consequences<strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl catastrophe. Med. Radiol.34(11): 59–81 (in Russian).Il’inskikh, E. N., Il’inskikh, N. N. & Smyrenny, L. N.(2002). Methodology for analysis <strong>of</strong> micronucleus inbinuclear lymphocytes, EPR spectrometry <strong>of</strong> toothenamel and multi-aberrant cells for radiation biodosimetry.In: Biol. Effect. Low Doses Radiat. Inform.Bull. 3 (Belarus Committee for Chernobyl Children,Minsk): pp. 10–11 (in Russian).Irgens, L. M., Lie, R. T., Ulstein, M., Skeie Jensen, T.,Skjærven, R., et al. (1991). Pregnancy outcome inNorway after Chernobyl. Biomed. Pharmacother. 45(9):233–241, 498.Iskrytskyi, A. M. (1995). Humoral immunity and immunologicalcharacter <strong>of</strong> human milk in the radioactivecontaminated areas <strong>of</strong> Belarus. Third CongressBelarussian Scientific Society Immunology and Allergology.Actual Problems <strong>of</strong> Immunology and Allergy (Abstracts,Grodno): pp. 85–86 (in Russian).ITAR – TASS (1998). In Ukraine: Establishment for production<strong>of</strong> L-thyroxine to regulate thyroid functions.April 26, Kiev.Ivanenko, G. F., Suskov, I. I. & Burlakova, E. B. (2004).Glutathione level and cytogenetic characteristic <strong>of</strong>peripheral lymphocytes from children under lowdose impact. Herald Rus. Acad. Sci. (Biol.) 4: 410–415(in Russian).Ivanov, E. P., Gorel’chik, K. I., Lazarev, V. S. &Klimovich, O. M. (1990). Forecast <strong>of</strong> remote oncologicaland hematological diseases after the Chernobylaccident. Belar. Publ. Health 6: 57–60 (inRussian).Ivanova, O. V. (2005). Delayed endoscopic diagnosis<strong>of</strong> digestive organs in liquidators. M.D. Thesis(Roentgenoradiology Center, Moscow) (//www.vestnik.rncrr.ru/vestnik/v5/papers/litiva_v5.htm)(in Russian).Ivanova, T. I., Kondrashova, T. V., Krykunova, L. I. &Shentereva, N. I. (2006). Analysis <strong>of</strong> chromosomaldamage in peripheral blood lymphocytes <strong>of</strong> femaleresidents <strong>of</strong> radioactively contaminated territories.Fifth Congress on Radiation Research (Radiobiology,Radioecology and Radiation Safety). April 10–14, 2006, Moscow (Abstracts 1, Moscow): pp. 85–86(in Russian).Ivanyuta, L. I. & Dubchak, A. E. (2000). Gynecologicalmorbidity and the nature <strong>of</strong> menstrual cyclesin women exposed to radiation after the Chernobylcatastrophe. Endocrinology 5 (2): 196–200 (inRussian).Kapytonova, E. K. &Kryvitskaya, L. V. (1994). Infantmorbidity in the radioactive contaminated territories6 years after the Chernobyl accident. In: InternationalScientific Symposium on Medical Aspects <strong>of</strong>Radioactive Impact on Populations After the ChernobylAccident (Materials, Gomel): pp. 52–54 (inRussian).Kapytonova, E. K., Matyukhyna, T. G. & Lozovik,S. K. (1996). Thyroid gland’s role in chronicdigestive tract pathology in children from radionuclidecontaminated zones. International ScientificConference. Ten Years After Chernobyl Catastrophe:Scientific Aspects <strong>of</strong> Problems. February 28–29, 1996, Minsk (Abstracts, Minsk): pp. 130–131(in Russian).Karamullin, M. A., Sosyutkin, A. E., Shutko, A. N., Nedoborsky,K. V., Yazenok, A. V., et al. (2004). Significance<strong>of</strong> irradiation dose factors for liquidator illnessesaccording to their age well after the Chernobylaccident. Scientific and Practical Conference. ActualProblems <strong>of</strong> Radiation Hygiene. June 21–25, 2004, St.Petersburg (Abstracts, St. Petersburg): pp. 170–171(in Russian).Karevskaya, I. V., Kurbatskaya, G. Ya., Vasil’tsova, O.A., Stepunin, L. A. & Zubareva, I. A. (2005). Dispanserization’srole in the diagnosis <strong>of</strong> thyroid diseasesin the population <strong>of</strong> Southwestern district <strong>of</strong>Bryansk Province. International Scientific and PracticalConference. Chernobyl 20 Years After: Social andEconomic Problems and Perspectives for Development <strong>of</strong> theAffected Territories (Materials, Bryansk): pp. 164–165(in Russian).Karpenko, V. S., Pavlov, L. P. & Kushnyruk, D. Yu. (2003).Analysis <strong>of</strong> renal illnesses in Ukrainian populationin radioactive contaminated areas after Chernobylaccident. Urology 7 (1): 70–74 (in Russian).Karpova, I. S. & Koretskaya, N. V. (2003). Effect <strong>of</strong> characterand dose irradiation on activity <strong>of</strong> receptorlectinreaction in liquidators. Biopolymer. Cell 19 (2):133–139 (in Russian).Kashyryna, M. A. (2005). Social-ecological factors <strong>of</strong> publichealth in the radioactive contaminated territories<strong>of</strong> Bryansk province. International Scientific andPractical Conference. Chernobyl 20 Years After: Socialand Economic Problems and Perspectives for Development <strong>of</strong>the Affected Territories (Materials, Bryansk): pp. 166–167 (in Russian).Kesminiene, A., Kurtinaitis, J. & Rimdeika, G. (1997).The study <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl clean-up workers fromLithuania. Acta Med. Lituan. 2: 55–61.Khaimovich, T. I., Gorbunova, I. N., Nagyba, V. I. &Ivanov, K. Yu. (1999). Cytogenetic effects in somaticcells in nuclear industry personnel: Liquidators.Seventh International Scientific and PracticalConference. Human Ecology in the Post-Chernobyl Period.
144September 27–29, 1999, Minsk (Belarus Committeefor Chernobyl Children, Minsk): pp. 312–315 (inRussian).Khartchenko, V. P., Rassokhin, B. M. & Zybovsky, G. A.(1998). Significance <strong>of</strong> osteodensitometry for evaluation<strong>of</strong> osseous mineral density <strong>of</strong> vertebrae inliquidators. In: Lyubchenko, P. N. (Ed.), Remote Resultsand Problems <strong>of</strong> Medical Observation for Liquidators’Health (“MONIKI,” Moscow): pp. 103–108 (inRussian).Khartchenko, V. P., Zybovsky, G. A. & Kholodova, N. B.(1995). Changes in the brains <strong>of</strong> persons who participatedin the cleanup <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl AES accidentbased on radiodiagnostic data (single-photonemission-computed radionuclide tomography, X-raycomputed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography)Herald Rentgenol. Radiol. 1: 11–14 (inRussian).Kharytonik, G. D., Tytov, L. P., Gurmanchik, I. E. & Ignatenko,S. I. (1996). Character and dynamics <strong>of</strong> immunologicalindices <strong>of</strong> change in children living forseveral years in conditionally clean territories <strong>of</strong> Braginskdistrict. Scientific and Practical Conference.Remote Consequences <strong>of</strong> Irradiation for Immune and BloodFormation Systems. May 7–10, 1996, Kiev (Abstracts,Kiev): pp. 59–60 (in Ukrainian).Khmara, I. M., Astakhova, L. N. & Leonova, L. L. (1993).Immune characteristics <strong>of</strong> children suffering fromautoimmune thyroiditis. J. Immun. 2: 56–58 (cited byUNSCEAR, 2000).Kholodova, N. B. (2006). Consequences <strong>of</strong> Chernobylcatastrophe for liquidators’ health. International Scientificand Practical Conference. Twenty Years <strong>of</strong> theChernobyl Catastrophe: Ecological and Social Lessons. June5, 2006, Moscow (Materials, Moscow): pp. 32–35 (inRussian).Kholodova, N. B., Buklyna, S. B. & Zhavoronkova, L. A.(1998). Abnormal clinical manifestation <strong>of</strong> centraland peripheral nervous system diseases in liquidators.In: Lyubchenko, P. N. (Ed.), Remote Results andProblems <strong>of</strong> Medical Observation for Liquidators’ Health(“MONIKI,” Moscow): pp. 108–114.Kholodova, N. B., Kuznetzova, G. D., Zubovsky, G. A.,Kazakova, P. B. & Buklina, S. B. (1996). Remoteconsequences <strong>of</strong> radiation exposure upon the nervoussystem. J. Neuropathol. Psychiatr. Korsakova 96 (5):29–33 (in Russian).Kholodova, N. B., Ryzhov, B. N., Sobolevskaya, L. V.,Stetsovskaya, O. B. & Kholodov, V. V. (2001). Psychogeneticand immunological changes in liquidators’children. In: Lyubchenko, P. N. (Ed.), Remote MedicalConsequences <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl Catastrophe (“ViribusUnites,” Moscow): pp. 47–50 (in Russian).Khomich, G. E. & Lysenko, Yu. V. (2002). Rheographiccharacteristics <strong>of</strong> blood vessels with increasing vesseltonus after a change in position in the legs <strong>of</strong> girlsliving in the radioactive contaminated zone (BrestUniversity, Brest): 6 pp. (in Russian).Khomskaya, E. D. (1995). Some results <strong>of</strong> a neuropsychologicalstudy <strong>of</strong> liquidators. Soc. Clinic. Psychiat. 5 (4):6–10 (in Russian).Khrushch, V. T., Gavrilin, Y. I. & Constantinov, Y. O.(1988). Characteristics <strong>of</strong> radionuclide inhalation.In: Medical Aspects <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl Accident (CollectedPapers, Kiev): pp. 76–87 (in Russian).Khrysanfov, S. A. & Meskikh, N. E. (2001). Analysis <strong>of</strong> liquidators’morbidity and mortality rates according tothe findings <strong>of</strong> the Russian interdepartmental expertpanel. Scientific Regional Conference. Deferred MedicalEffects <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl Accident (Materials, Moscow):pp. 85–92 (in Russian).Khvorostenko, E. (1999). Territory is recognized as“clean.” However in 50 years after the Chernobylcatastrophe, the radioactive cloud will contaminatea fifth part <strong>of</strong> Tula province. “Nezavisimaya Gazeta”(Moscow), May 14, p. 4 (in Russian).Kienya, A. I.&Ermolitsky, N. M. (1997). Vegetativecomponent <strong>of</strong> children’s organs with different levels<strong>of</strong> incorporated Cs-137 activity. In: Bandazhevsky,Yu. I. (Ed.), Structural and Functional Effects <strong>of</strong> RadioisotopesIncorporated by the Organism (Gomel Medical Institute,Gomel): pp. 61–82 (in Russian).Kirkae, L. (2002). Progression <strong>of</strong> some illnesses in liquidators.Clin. Gerontol. 8 (8): 83–84 (in Russian).Klymenko, D. I., Snysar’, I. A. & Sam<strong>of</strong>alova, E. G. (1996).Immune reactivity and functional characteristics <strong>of</strong>acoustic and vestibular analysis in liquidators. Scientificand Practical Conference. Remote Consequences <strong>of</strong>Irradiation for Immune and Blood Forming Systems. May7–10, 1996, Kiev (Abstracts, Kiev): pp. 29–30 (inUkrainian).Kogan, E. A. (1998). Lung cancer induced by radionuclides.In: Chuchalin, A. G., Chernyaev, A. L. &Vuazen, K. (Eds.), Pulmonary System Pathology in Liquidators(Grant, Moscow): pp. 190–235 (in Russian).Komarenko, D. I. & Polyakov, O. B. (2003). Post-radiationpancreatic pathology: Remote consequences <strong>of</strong> ionizingirradiation. Gastroenterol. Herald 1: 31–35 (inUkrainian).Komarenko, D. I., Soboleva, L. P. & Maslekha, E. A.(1995). Hepatobiliary system. In: Bar’yakhtar, V.G. (Ed.), Chernobyl Catastrophe: History, Social, Economical,Geochemical, Biological and Medical Consequences(“Naukova Dumka,” Kiev): pp. 469–471(//www.stopatom.slavutich.kiev.ua/2–3-19.htm) (inRussian).Komogortseva, L. K. (2006). Ecological consequences<strong>of</strong> Chernobyl catastrophe in Bryansk province:Twenty years after. International Scientific and PracticalConference. Twenty Years After the Chernobyl
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ChernobylConsequences of the Catast
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viChapter III. Consequences of the
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viiiFor a long time I have thought
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CHERNOBYLPrefaceThe principal idea
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xii• Chapter IV: Radiation Protec
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CHERNOBYLAcknowledgmentsThe present
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xviPintchouk, L.B., Institute of Ex
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2The basic conclusion of the report
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CHERNOBYLChapter I. Chernobyl Conta
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6tled outside of Belarus, Ukraine,
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8TABLE 1.1. Estimations of a Geogra
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10Figure 1.6. Some of the main area
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12Figure 1.7. The path of one Chern
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14Figure 1.10. Reconstruction of co
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16Figure 1.12. Transuranic radionuc
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18TABLE 1.3. Radioactive Contaminat
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20Figure 1.15. Spotty concentration
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22Figure 1.16. Maps of the Chernoby
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24the teeth of 6,000 children and f
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26TABLE 1.8. Estimation of the Popu
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28observations of fallout from the
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30Contamination: Chernobyl’s lega
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CHERNOBYL2. Chernobyl’s Public He
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34persons who were involved in liqu
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36the incomplete official data for
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38periodic journals and magazines a
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40Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Ef
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CHERNOBYL3. General Morbidity, Impa
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44TABLE 3.2. Frequency of Complaint
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46Figure 3.2. Number (percentage) o
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48TABLE 3.7. Percent of “Practica
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50TABLE 3.12. Disability in Liquida
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52Gutkovsky, I. A., Kul’kova, L.
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54prenatally irradiated children. B
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56encephalopathy in those 40 years
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CHERNOBYL5. Nonmalignant Diseases a
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602. Children of liquidators living
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625.1.2.1. Belarus1. Cardiovascular
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64blood pressure was characteristic
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66TABLE 5.4. Incidence of (%, M ±
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687. For the majority surveyed in t
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70TABLE 5.12. Chromosomal Mutations
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72TABLE 5.16. Incidence of Down Syn
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74mortality; (c) an increase in de
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76Organization (WHO) (Chernobyl For
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78Adequate and timely thyroid funct
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805.3.1.2. Ukraine1. The noticeable
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82TABLE 5.24. General Endocrine Mor
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84of cases of autoimmune thyroiditi
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86between 1992 and 2001 (Moskalenko
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88protein X concentration in urine,
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90the 30-km Chernobyl zone. In 1986
- Page 109 and 110: 9211. In the 7 to 9 years after the
- Page 111 and 112: 94Figure 5.7. Chronic bronchitis an
- Page 113 and 114: 96TABLE 5.33. Respiratory Morbidity
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- Page 119 and 120: 102from Chernobyl fallout changed o
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- Page 125 and 126: 108indicated an almost twofold incr
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- Page 129 and 130: 1123. SWEDEN. A comprehensive analy
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- Page 133 and 134: 116Only after 2000 did medical auth
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- Page 141 and 142: 1243. The incidence of kidney infec
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- Page 149 and 150: 132Figure 5.15. Typical examples of
- Page 151 and 152: 134TABLE 5.79. Incidence (per 100,0
- Page 153 and 154: 136Arynchyna, N. T. & Mil’kmanovi
- Page 155 and 156: 138Brogger, A., Reitan, J. B., Stra
- Page 157 and 158: 140Drygyna, L. B. (2002). Clinical
- Page 159: 142Goncharova, R. I. (2000). Remote
- Page 163 and 164: 146Vuazen, K. (Eds.), Pulmonary Sys
- Page 165 and 166: 148June 4-8, 2001, Kiev, Ukraine (A
- Page 167 and 168: 150Noshchenko, A. G. & Loganovsky,
- Page 169 and 170: 152Ukr. Herald Soc. Hygien. Publ. H
- Page 171 and 172: 154Cytogenetic observations of chil
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- Page 175 and 176: 158Tytov, L. P. (2002). Early and r
- Page 177 and 178: 160Zaitsev, V. A., Petrenko, S. V.
- Page 179 and 180: 162that all data from former republ
- Page 181 and 182: 164TABLE 6.4. Childhood Cancer Morb
- Page 183 and 184: 166Figure 6.5. General thyroid canc
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- Page 191 and 192: 174Figure 6.16. Papillary thyroid c
- Page 193 and 194: 176well as being a result of the ad
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- Page 197 and 198: 180TABLE 6.14. Leukemia Morbidity (
- Page 199 and 200: 182Figure 6.20. Breast cancer morbi
- Page 201 and 202: 184TABLE 6.18. Increase in Morbidit
- Page 203 and 204: 186Busby, C. (1995). The Wings of D
- Page 205 and 206: 188Ivanov, V. K. & Tsyb, A. F. (200
- Page 207 and 208: 190ujf-grenoble.fr/SANTE/alpesmed/e
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194Figure 7.3. Stillbirth rate (per
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196Figure 7.7. Trends of stillbirth
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198TABLE 7.1. Increase of the Rate
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200Figure 7.11. Perinatal mortality
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202Figure 7.14. Trend of infant mor
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204Figure 7.19. Trend of mortality
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206TABLE 7.6. Causes of Death (%) o
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208TABLE 7.9. Estimates of the Numb
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210TABLE 7.11. Number of Additional
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212Buzhievskaya, T. I., Tchaikovska
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214Law of Ukraine (2006). About Sta
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216to and 3 years subsequent to the
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218Figure 1. Absolute number of the
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220pathology formation, prognosis).
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222Twenty Years of Chernobyl Catast
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224TABLE 8.1. Concentration (Bq/m 3
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226Concentrations of Cs-131/Cs-134/
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228TABLE 8.6. Coefficients of Accum
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230Figure 8.2. The annual mean Cs-1
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232TABLE 8.10. Ground Deposition (k
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234ReferencesAarkrog, A. (1988). St
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236pectin-containing food additives
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238Figure 9.1. Radioautographs of p
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240TABLE 9.4. Levels of Radionuclid
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242TABLE 9.6. Inter- and Intraspeci
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244TABLE 9.8. Intensity of Cs-137 A
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246each place and time for each ind
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248TABLE 9.14. Frequency of Some Mo
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250TABLE 9.20. Change in Anthocyani
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252Grodzinsky, D. M. (2006). Reflec
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254after accident. Radiat. Biol. Ra
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256TABLE 10.1. Maximum Concentratio
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258Figure 10.2. Individual variabil
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260TABLE 10.4. Concentration of Som
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262TABLE 10.7. Some Recorded Cherno
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264isotope analyses on current and
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266TABLE 10.12. Abnormalities in La
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268TABLE 10.16. The Frequency of Do
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27015. Animals in the Chernobyl zon
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272TABLE 10.25. Immune Status of th
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274ReferencesAdamovich, V. L. (1998
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276Environmental Health (Center for
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278water bodies. Herald Nat. Belar.
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280E. V. (1996). Chromosome aberrat
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282with up to 40 Ci/km 2 (Zymenko e
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284Luk’yanova, E. M., Denysova, M
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286demonstrate a return to historic
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288enterosorbents, and Chapter IV.1
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290on contaminated foodstuffs avail
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292Figure 12.1. Countrywide mean co
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294TABLE 12.5. Concentration (pCi/l
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296TABLE 12.7. Cs-137 Body Burden i
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298Figure 12.5. Average specific ac
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300Figure 12.10. Body burden of Cs-
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302Omelyanets, N. I. (2001). Radioe
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304formation. The additives prevent
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306TABLE 13.2. EKG Normalization Re
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308increased sense of personal resp
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310Nesterenko, V. B. (2005). Radiat
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312require a separate monograph. Th
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3141. In the exclusion zone, which
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316Foods rich in K include potatoes
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CHERNOBYL15. Consequences of the Ch
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320• Inadequacy of modern knowled
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322with illnesses characteristic of
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324Chernobyl-contaminated areas, ra
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326information which can be unwante