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Yablokov et al.: Atmospheric, Water, and Soil Contamination 229TABLE 8.7. Rainfall and Surface Water Radionuclide Concentrations in Several Countries, 1986–1987MaximumRadionuclide concentration Location Date ReferenceCs-137 5,300 Bq/m 3∗ Finland 1986 Saxen and Aaltonen, 1987325 mBq/liter Canada, Ontario May 1986 Joshi, 1988700 Bq/liter France, Paris Apr. 29–30, 1986 Thomas and Martin, 1986Sr-89 11,000 Bq/m 3 Finland 1986 Saxen and Aaltonen, 1987Te-132 7,400 Bq/liter France, Paris Apr. 29–30, 1986 Thomas and Martin, 1986∗ About 1,000 times higher than the precatastrophe concentration, and up to 80 times higher than the highest valuesafter the nuclear weapons test period in the 1960s.(2.7 kBq/liter for I-131 and 2.3 kBq/liter eachfor Te-132 and I-132). The total activity precipitatedper square kilometer in this periodwas about 55 GBq (Beentjes and Duijsings,1987).6. POLAND. Average values of Pu-239 + Pu-240 in the Polish economic zone of the BalticSea ranged from 30 to 98 Bq/m 2 in three samplinglocations. The highest concentration ofPu in sediment probably came from the VistulaRiver, which delivered 192 MBq of Chernobyl’sPu-239 + Pu-240 to the Baltic Sea in1989 (Skwarzec and Bojanowski, 1992). Thetotal Cs-137 loading of Lake Sniardwy was estimatedto average 6,100 Bq/m 2 (Robbins andJasinski, 1995).7. SWEDEN. The annual mean concentrationof Cs-137 (in Bq/kg) in surface water nearGotland Island from 1984 to 2004 is shown inFigure 8.2.TABLE 8.8. Composition and Activity of the ChernobylRadioactive Fallout in Thessaloniki, Greece,(Total Wet Deposition, Bq/m 2 ), May 5–6, 1986 (Papastefanouet al., 1988)RadionuclideMaximum concentrationI-131 117,278Te-132 70,700I-132 64,686Ru-103 48,256Ba-140 35,580Cs-137 23,900La-140 15,470Cs-134 12,2768. TYRRHENIAN SEA. Concentration of Cs-137 in surface water of the Tyrrhenian Sea rosesignificantly immediately after the catastrophe(Figure 8.3).8.3. Chernobyl’s Contaminationof the Soil MantleThe soil mantle will accumulate Chernobyl’sradionuclides with long half-lives for centuries.As in the previous review, this material is onlya representative selection from the very largebody of existing data.8.3.1. Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia1. Radionuclides on sod-podzol and heavilypodzolized sandy clay soils move from thesurface to the bottom soil layer during thecourse of time, resulting in the concentration ofradionuclides in the root zone. It is in thisway that soils with low surface contaminationtransfer radioactivity to the vegetative (and edible)parts of plants (Borysevich and Poplyko,2002).2. Plowed and natural pastures located 50to 650 km from the Chernobyl site have levelsof Cs-137 activity in the 1,000 to 25 kBq/m 2range in the upper soil layers (0–5 cm). Levels ofcontamination are higher in natural pastures ascompared with plowed pastures, with the Sr-90activity ranging from 1.4 to 40 kBq/m 2 (Salbuet al., 1994).