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Yablokov: Radioactive Impact on Flora 245TABLE 9.10. Examples of the Worldwide Contamination of Mushrooms and Lichens (Bq/kg) in 1986Nuclide Subject Activity Country ReferenceCs-137 Lichen 40,040 ∗ Norway Staaland et al., 1995Lichen 36,630 Poland Seaward et al., 1988Reindeer lichen 25,000 ∗∗ Norway Solem and Gaare, 1992Mushrooms 16,300 Japan Yoshida et al., 1994Lichen 14,560 Greece Papastefanou et al., 1988Mushrooms 8,300 ∗∗∗ Germany Elstner et al.,1987Mushrooms 6,680 Finland Rantavaara, 1987Cs-135/Cs-137 Lichen, Cladonia stellaris 60,000 Norway Brittain et al.,1991;Steinnes et al.,1993Mushrooms 24,000 France Coles, 1987Ce-144 Lichen 18,500 Poland Seaward et al., 1988Nb-95 Lichen 8,114 Poland Seaward et al., 1988Ru-106/Rh-106 Lichen 16,570 Poland Seaward et al., 1988Total activity Lichen, Cladonia silvatica 400,000 Ukraine Grodzinsky, 1995b∗ 1987; ∗∗ up to 75-fold higher than in 1985; ∗∗∗ up to 93-fold more than in 1985.2. Various species of mushrooms have differentTR characteristics (Table 9.11).3. There is correlation between the specificactivity of Cs-137 in the fruit of the mushroomsand the radioactive density of soil contamination(Krasnov et al., 1998; Kubert, 1998).4. The concentration of Cs-137 in mushroomsof the same species differs more than500-fold depending on the levels of radionuclideconcentration in the soil (Shatrova et al.,2002).TABLE 9.11. TR of Cs-137 in Mushrooms in theUkrainian Poles’e Ecosystems (Orlov et al., 1998;Krasnov et al., 1997; Kubert, 1998)TRSpecies1–10 Honey mushroom (Armialliela mellea),chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius), edibleboletus (Boletus edulis), aspen mushroom(Boletus versipellis)1–50 Black milk mushroom (Lactarius sp.), greenboletus (Xerocomus subtomentosus)50–100 Birch mushroom (Leccinum scabrum), russulamarsh (Russula), Polish mushroom(Xerocomus badius), blue boletus (Gyroporuscyanescens)>100 Paxill (Paxilus sp.), yellow boletus (Suillusluteus)5. The specific Cs-137 activity in the fruitof mushrooms Lactarius necator, Armillariella mellea,andXerocomusbadius increased exponentiallywith increased density of radioactive soil contamination(Krasnov et al., 1998).6. The Cs-137 accumulation in the fruit ofmushrooms is lower in richer environmentalconditions: in russulas (Russula sp.) a differencebetween Cs-137 accumulation in sudubravas(mixed oak forests), pine forests, and suborsare up to fourfold, and in lurid boletus (Boletusluridus) about threefold.7. The Cs-137 accumulations in the fruitbodies of the edible boletus (Boletus edulus)werenoticeably low in pine forests and for the Polishmushroom (Xerocomus badius) in subors (Krasnovet al., 1998).The level of radionuclide accumulation inplants and mushrooms depends upon thesoil, the climate, the particular biosphere,the season, spotty radioactive contamination,the species, and the population (subspecies,cultivars), etc. Each radionuclide has its own accumulationcharacteristics. Coefficients of accumulationand transition ratios vary so muchin time and space that it is difficult, if not impossible,to predict the actual levels of the Cs-137,Sr-90, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, and Am-241 in