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Yablokov: Radioactive Impact on Fauna 267Figure 10.6. Normal barn swallow (left) and partial albino (right; photo by T. Mousseau).17. Barn swallow populations (Hirundo rustica)that originated in the Ukrainian Chernobylzone after the catastrophe have significantlymore (up to 15%) albino mutations(Figure 10.6). Mutation rates seen in Chernobylpopulations have significantly higher numbersof morphological defects as compared to controlpopulations in Ukraine, Italy, Spain, andDenmark (Møller and Mousseau, 2001; Mølleret al., 2007).18. There are positive correlations betweenthe number of abnormalities in black redstart(Phoenicurus ochruros) and house sparrows (Passerdomestica) and the level of background radiationin Ukraine (Møller et al., 2007).19. From 2005 to 2006 there were significantdifferences in motility and morphology of livesperm of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) breedingin heavily radioactively contaminated areas(390 mR/h) around Chernobyl as compared tosperm from swallows in two less contaminated(0.25 and 0.006 mR/h) areas in Ukraine. Theincidence of sperm with low motility, high linearity,small amplitude, lateral head displacement,and low track velocity increased with increasingbackground radiation levels (Mølleret al., 2008b).20. Brown frogs (Rana temporaria, R. arvalis)from the heavily contaminated territoriesshowed a significantly higher number of aberrantbone marrow and intestinal epithelial cellsand an increased number of micronuclei in peripheralblood (Yelyseeva et al., 1996).21. The incidence of erythrocytes with micronucleiwas higher in the hybrid frog complex(Rana esculenta) in the more contaminated areasin Bryansk Province (Table 10.15).22. The frequency of morphological anomalies(congenital malformations) in carp (Cyprinuscarpio) embryos, larvae, and fingerlingswas significantly higher in more contaminatedponds in Belarus (Slukvin and Goncharova,1998).23. The frequency of chromosome aberrationsand genomic mutations in carp (Cyprinuscarpio) populations was significantly higherin more contaminated ponds in Belarus(Goncharova et al., 1996).24. Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)wing color pattern mutations occurred withgreater frequency in the more contaminatedterritories in Belarus (Makeeva et al., 1995).TABLE 10.15. The Frequency of Micronuclei inErythrocytes in Frog Hybrid Complex (Rana esculenta)in Three Populations in Bryansk Province,1993 (Chubanishvyli, 1996)Contamination, dose15 μ R/h 60 μR/h 220 μR/h0.22% 1.33% 1.55 ∗∗ p < 0.05.