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Yablokov & Nesterenko: Contamination through Time and Space 19TABLE 1.5. Some Estimates of the Amount of Primary Radionuclides Emitted from April 26 to May 20,1986, from the Fourth Chernobyl NPP Reactor (10 6 Ci)Radionuclide (half-life/full decay Nuclear Energy Devell Medvedev Guntaytime, hours, days, months, years) Agency (1995) et al. (1995) (1991) et al. (1996)I-135 (6.6 h/2.75 d) SeveralI-133 (20.8 h/8.7 d) ∼1.5 140–150La-140 (40.2 h/16.7 d)A lot ofNp-239 (2.36 d/23.6 d) 25.6 45.9Mo-99 (2.75 d/27.5 d) >4.6 4.5 5.67Te-132 (3.26 d/32.6 d) ∼37.1 31 A lot of 27.0Xe-133 (5.3 d/53 d) 175.7 180 170 175.5I-131 (8.04 d/2.7 mo) ∼47.6 48 >85 b 32.4–45.9Ba-140 (12.8 d/4.3 mo) 6.5 6.4 4.59Cs-136 (12.98 d/4.3 mo)0.644 aCe-141 (32.5 d/10.8 mo) 5.3 5.3 5.40Ru-103 (39.4 d/1 y 1 mo) >4.6 4.5 4.59Sr-89 (50.6 d/1.39 y) ∼3.1 3.1 2.19Zr-95 (64.0 d/1.75 y) 5.3 5.3 4.59Cm-242 (162.8 d/4.6 y) ∼0.024 0.024 0.025Ce-144 (284 d/7.8 y) ∼3.1 3.1 3.78Ru-106 (367 d/10 y) >1.97 2.0 0.81Cs-134 (2.06 y/20.6 y) ∼1.5 1.5 — 1.19–1.30Kr-85 (10.7 y/107 y) 0.89 — — 0.89Pu-241 (14.7 y/147 y) ∼0.16 0.16 0.078Sr-90 (28.5 y/285 y) ∼0.27 0.27 0.22Cs-137 (30.1 y/301 y) ∼2.3 l2.3 c 1.89–2.30Pu-238 (86.4 y/864 y) 0.001 0.001 — 0.0001Pu-240 (6,553 y/65,530 y) 0.001 0.001 0.001Pu-239 (24,100 y/241,000 y) 0.023 0.001 0.0001a Cort and Tsaturov (1998).b Nesterenko (1996)—more than 100.c Nesterenko (1996)—total emission of Cs-136 and Cs-137 is up to 420 ×10 15 Bq (1.14 × 10 6 Ci).1.4. Ecological Featuresof ContaminationThe three most important factors in connectionwith the Chernobyl contamination fornature and public health are: spotty/unevendeposits of contamination, the impact of “hotparticles,” and bioaccumulation of radionuclides(also see Chapter III).1.4.1. Uneven/Spotty ContaminationUntil now the uneven/spotty distribution ofthe Chernobyl radioactive fallout has attractedtoo little attention. Aerogamma studies, uponwhich most maps of contamination are based,give only average values of radioactivity for200–400 m of a route, so small, local, highlyradioactive “hot spots” can exist without beingmarked. The character of actual contaminationof an area is shown on Figure 1.15. As canbe seen, a distance of 10 m can make a sharpdifference in radionuclide concentrations.“Public health services of the French departmentVosges found out that a hog hit by one of localhunters ‘was glowing.’ Experts, armed with supermodernequipment, conveyed a message evenmore disturbing: practically the entire mountainwhere the dead animal had just run is radioactive ata level from 12,000 to 24,000 Bq/m 2 . For comparison,the European norm is 600 Bq/m 2 .Itwasrememberedthat radioactive mushrooms were found
20Figure 1.15. Spotty concentration (Ci/km 2 ) of Cs-137 (above) and Ce-144 (below) inthe forest bedding in the 30-km Chernobyl zone. Scale 1:600 (Tscheglov, 1999).in these forests last autumn. The level of Cs-137in chanterelles, boleros and stalks of mushroomsexceeded the norm by approximately forty times...” (Chykin, 1997)There is still uncertainty in regard to contaminationnot only by Cs-137 and Sr-90, butalso by other radionuclides, including beta andalpha emitters. Detailed mapping of territoriesfor the varying spectra of radioactive contaminationcould not be done owing to the impossibilityof fast remote detection of beta and alpharadionuclides.Typical Chernobyl hot spots measure tensto hundreds of meters across and have levels
Page 2 and 3: This monograph is a reprint of
Page 5 and 6: ChernobylConsequences of the Catast
Page 7 and 8: viChapter III. Consequences of the
Page 9 and 10: viiiFor a long time I have thought
Page 11 and 12: CHERNOBYLPrefaceThe principal idea
Page 13 and 14: xii• Chapter IV: Radiation Protec
Page 15 and 16: CHERNOBYLAcknowledgmentsThe present
Page 17 and 18: xviPintchouk, L.B., Institute of Ex
Page 19 and 20: 2The basic conclusion of the report
Page 21 and 22: CHERNOBYLChapter I. Chernobyl Conta
Page 23 and 24: 6tled outside of Belarus, Ukraine,
Page 25 and 26: 8TABLE 1.1. Estimations of a Geogra
Page 27 and 28: 10Figure 1.6. Some of the main area
Page 29 and 30: 12Figure 1.7. The path of one Chern
Page 31 and 32: 14Figure 1.10. Reconstruction of co
Page 33 and 34: 16Figure 1.12. Transuranic radionuc
Page 35: 18TABLE 1.3. Radioactive Contaminat
Page 39 and 40: 22Figure 1.16. Maps of the Chernoby
Page 41 and 42: 24the teeth of 6,000 children and f
Page 43 and 44: 26TABLE 1.8. Estimation of the Popu
Page 45 and 46: 28observations of fallout from the
Page 47 and 48: 30Contamination: Chernobyl’s lega
Page 49 and 50: CHERNOBYL2. Chernobyl’s Public He
Page 51 and 52: 34persons who were involved in liqu
Page 53 and 54: 36the incomplete official data for
Page 55 and 56: 38periodic journals and magazines a
Page 57 and 58: 40Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Ef
Page 59 and 60: CHERNOBYL3. General Morbidity, Impa
Page 61 and 62: 44TABLE 3.2. Frequency of Complaint
Page 63 and 64: 46Figure 3.2. Number (percentage) o
Page 65 and 66: 48TABLE 3.7. Percent of “Practica
Page 67 and 68: 50TABLE 3.12. Disability in Liquida
Page 69 and 70: 52Gutkovsky, I. A., Kul’kova, L.
Page 71 and 72: 54prenatally irradiated children. B
Page 73 and 74: 56encephalopathy in those 40 years
Page 75 and 76: CHERNOBYL5. Nonmalignant Diseases a
Page 77 and 78: 602. Children of liquidators living
Page 79 and 80: 625.1.2.1. Belarus1. Cardiovascular
Page 81 and 82: 64blood pressure was characteristic
Page 83 and 84: 66TABLE 5.4. Incidence of (%, M ±
Page 85 and 86: 687. For the majority surveyed in t
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70TABLE 5.12. Chromosomal Mutations
Page 89 and 90:
72TABLE 5.16. Incidence of Down Syn
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74mortality; (c) an increase in de
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76Organization (WHO) (Chernobyl For
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78Adequate and timely thyroid funct
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805.3.1.2. Ukraine1. The noticeable
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82TABLE 5.24. General Endocrine Mor
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84of cases of autoimmune thyroiditi
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86between 1992 and 2001 (Moskalenko
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88protein X concentration in urine,
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90the 30-km Chernobyl zone. In 1986
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9211. In the 7 to 9 years after the
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94Figure 5.7. Chronic bronchitis an
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96TABLE 5.33. Respiratory Morbidity
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985.6.2. Ukraine1. Urogenital disea
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100TABLE 5.36. Urogenital Morbidity
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102from Chernobyl fallout changed o
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104TABLE 5.43. Primary Osteomuscula
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10610. From 1991 to 2000 there was
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108indicated an almost twofold incr
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110TABLE 5.49. Dynamics of Nervous
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1123. SWEDEN. A comprehensive analy
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1143. In 1991 a group of 512 childr
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116Only after 2000 did medical auth
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11819. In 7 to 8 years after the ca
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120TABLE 5.58. Digestive System Mor
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122TABLE 5.62. Overall Skin Disease
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1243. The incidence of kidney infec
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126TABLE 5.68. Incidence of Congeni
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128TABLE 5.73. Comparison of the In
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130TABLE 5.74. Congenital Malformat
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132Figure 5.15. Typical examples of
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134TABLE 5.79. Incidence (per 100,0
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136Arynchyna, N. T. & Mil’kmanovi
Page 155 and 156:
138Brogger, A., Reitan, J. B., Stra
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140Drygyna, L. B. (2002). Clinical
Page 159 and 160:
142Goncharova, R. I. (2000). Remote
Page 161 and 162:
144September 27-29, 1999, Minsk (Be
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146Vuazen, K. (Eds.), Pulmonary Sys
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148June 4-8, 2001, Kiev, Ukraine (A
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150Noshchenko, A. G. & Loganovsky,
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152Ukr. Herald Soc. Hygien. Publ. H
Page 171 and 172:
154Cytogenetic observations of chil
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156dysfunction in persons sick from
Page 175 and 176:
158Tytov, L. P. (2002). Early and r
Page 177 and 178:
160Zaitsev, V. A., Petrenko, S. V.
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162that all data from former republ
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164TABLE 6.4. Childhood Cancer Morb
Page 183 and 184:
166Figure 6.5. General thyroid canc
Page 185 and 186:
168Figure 6.7. Thyroid cancer morbi
Page 187 and 188:
170Figure 6.9. Thyroid cancer morbi
Page 189 and 190:
172Figure 6.12. Total I-131 contami
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174Figure 6.16. Papillary thyroid c
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176well as being a result of the ad
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178TABLE 6.11. Leukemia Morbidity (
Page 197 and 198:
180TABLE 6.14. Leukemia Morbidity (
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182Figure 6.20. Breast cancer morbi
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184TABLE 6.18. Increase in Morbidit
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186Busby, C. (1995). The Wings of D
Page 205 and 206:
188Ivanov, V. K. & Tsyb, A. F. (200
Page 207 and 208:
190ujf-grenoble.fr/SANTE/alpesmed/e
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CHERNOBYL7. Mortality after the Che
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194Figure 7.3. Stillbirth rate (per
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196Figure 7.7. Trends of stillbirth
Page 215 and 216:
198TABLE 7.1. Increase of the Rate
Page 217 and 218:
200Figure 7.11. Perinatal mortality
Page 219 and 220:
202Figure 7.14. Trend of infant mor
Page 221 and 222:
204Figure 7.19. Trend of mortality
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206TABLE 7.6. Causes of Death (%) o
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208TABLE 7.9. Estimates of the Numb
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210TABLE 7.11. Number of Additional
Page 229 and 230:
212Buzhievskaya, T. I., Tchaikovska
Page 231 and 232:
214Law of Ukraine (2006). About Sta
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216to and 3 years subsequent to the
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218Figure 1. Absolute number of the
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220pathology formation, prognosis).
Page 239 and 240:
222Twenty Years of Chernobyl Catast
Page 241 and 242:
224TABLE 8.1. Concentration (Bq/m 3
Page 243 and 244:
226Concentrations of Cs-131/Cs-134/
Page 245 and 246:
228TABLE 8.6. Coefficients of Accum
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230Figure 8.2. The annual mean Cs-1
Page 249 and 250:
232TABLE 8.10. Ground Deposition (k
Page 251 and 252:
234ReferencesAarkrog, A. (1988). St
Page 253 and 254:
236pectin-containing food additives
Page 255 and 256:
238Figure 9.1. Radioautographs of p
Page 257 and 258:
240TABLE 9.4. Levels of Radionuclid
Page 259 and 260:
242TABLE 9.6. Inter- and Intraspeci
Page 261 and 262:
244TABLE 9.8. Intensity of Cs-137 A
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246each place and time for each ind
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248TABLE 9.14. Frequency of Some Mo
Page 267 and 268:
250TABLE 9.20. Change in Anthocyani
Page 269 and 270:
252Grodzinsky, D. M. (2006). Reflec
Page 271 and 272:
254after accident. Radiat. Biol. Ra
Page 273 and 274:
256TABLE 10.1. Maximum Concentratio
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258Figure 10.2. Individual variabil
Page 277 and 278:
260TABLE 10.4. Concentration of Som
Page 279 and 280:
262TABLE 10.7. Some Recorded Cherno
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264isotope analyses on current and
Page 283 and 284:
266TABLE 10.12. Abnormalities in La
Page 285 and 286:
268TABLE 10.16. The Frequency of Do
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27015. Animals in the Chernobyl zon
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272TABLE 10.25. Immune Status of th
Page 291 and 292:
274ReferencesAdamovich, V. L. (1998
Page 293 and 294:
276Environmental Health (Center for
Page 295 and 296:
278water bodies. Herald Nat. Belar.
Page 297 and 298:
280E. V. (1996). Chromosome aberrat
Page 299 and 300:
282with up to 40 Ci/km 2 (Zymenko e
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284Luk’yanova, E. M., Denysova, M
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286demonstrate a return to historic
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288enterosorbents, and Chapter IV.1
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290on contaminated foodstuffs avail
Page 309 and 310:
292Figure 12.1. Countrywide mean co
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294TABLE 12.5. Concentration (pCi/l
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296TABLE 12.7. Cs-137 Body Burden i
Page 315 and 316:
298Figure 12.5. Average specific ac
Page 317 and 318:
300Figure 12.10. Body burden of Cs-
Page 319 and 320:
302Omelyanets, N. I. (2001). Radioe
Page 321 and 322:
304formation. The additives prevent
Page 323 and 324:
306TABLE 13.2. EKG Normalization Re
Page 325 and 326:
308increased sense of personal resp
Page 327 and 328:
310Nesterenko, V. B. (2005). Radiat
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312require a separate monograph. Th
Page 331 and 332:
3141. In the exclusion zone, which
Page 333 and 334:
316Foods rich in K include potatoes
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CHERNOBYL15. Consequences of the Ch
Page 337 and 338:
320• Inadequacy of modern knowled
Page 339 and 340:
322with illnesses characteristic of
Page 341 and 342:
324Chernobyl-contaminated areas, ra
Page 343 and 344:
326information which can be unwante
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