Yablokov: Nonmalignant Diseases after Chernobyl 149Mel’nov, S. B., Senerichyna, S. E., Savitsky, V. P. & Dudarenko,O. I. (1999). Medical genetic aspects <strong>of</strong> thyroidcancer in children after the Chernobyl accident.In: Ecological Anthropology: Almanac (Belarus Committeefor Chernobyl Children, Minsk): pp. 293–297 (inRussian).Mikhalevich, L. S. (1999). Monitoring <strong>of</strong> cytogeneticdamage in peripheral lymphocytes <strong>of</strong> children livingin radiocontaminated areas <strong>of</strong> Belarus. In:Imanaka, T. (Ed.), Recent Research Activities on theChernobyl NPP Accident in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia,KURRI-KR-7 (Kyoto University, Kyoto): pp. 178–188.Miksha, Ya. S. & Danylov, I. P. (1997). Consequences<strong>of</strong> the chronic impact <strong>of</strong> ionizing irradiation on thehaemopoiesis in Gomel area. Publ. Health 4: 19–20(in Russian).Mikulinsky, Yu. E., Chub, N. I., Kramar’, M. I. &Yurchenko, G. G. (2002). In: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> InternationalConference on Genetic Consequences <strong>of</strong>Emergent Radioactive Situations (Russian University<strong>of</strong> Friendship Between People, Moscow): pp. 82–83 (in Russian).Mocan, H., Bozkaya, H., Mocan, Z. M. & Furtun, E. M.(1990). Changing incidence <strong>of</strong> anencephaly in theeastern Black Sea region <strong>of</strong> Turkey and Chernobyl.Paediat. Perinat. Epidemiol. 4: 264–268.Mokhort, T. V. (2003). Problems <strong>of</strong> diabetes type I inBelarus in post-Chernobyl period. Med. Biol. Aspect.Chernobyl Accident Analyt. Inform. Bull. 1 (Minsk): pp.3–8 (in Russian).Morozevich, T. S., Gres’, N. A., Arynchin, A. N.&Petrova, V. S. (1997). Some eco-pathogenic problems<strong>of</strong> disturbed hair growth in Belarussian children.Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicatedto the Tenth Anniversary <strong>of</strong> the Republican Centerfor Radiation Medicine. Actual Problems <strong>of</strong> MedicalRehabilitation <strong>of</strong> a Population Suffering from the ChernobylCatastrophe June 30, 1997, Minsk (Materials, Minsk):pp. 38–39 (in Russian).Morozov, A. M. & Kryzhanovskaya, L. A. (1998). ClinicalFindings and Treatment <strong>of</strong> Borderline MentalDisorders in Liquidators (“Chernobylinterinform,”Kiev): 352 pp. (//www.biobel.bas-net.by/igc/ChD/Liquidators6_r.htm-126k) (in Russian).Moskalenko, B. (2003). Evaluation <strong>of</strong> consequences fromthe Chernobyl accident for the Ukrainian population.World Ecol. Bull. XIV(3–4): 4–7 (in Russian).Moumdjiev, N., Nedkova, V., Christova, V. & Kostova, Sv.(1992). Influence <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl reactor accidenton children’s health in the region <strong>of</strong> Pleven, Bulgaria.In: Twentieth International Congress on Pediatrics,September 6–10, 1992, Brasil (Abstracts): p. 57 (citedby Akar, 1994).Mozzhukhyna, N. (2004). Resultant thyroid changes fromtype and dose <strong>of</strong> irradiation: Literature review. HeraldRentgenol. Radiol. 5: 45–52 (in Russian).Mytryaeva, N. A. (1996). Hypothalamus–hypophyseal–adrenal system in liquidators (7 years <strong>of</strong> observationdata). Med. Radiol. Radiat. Safety 41(3): 19–23 (inRussian).Nagornaya, A. M. (1995). Health <strong>of</strong> adults <strong>of</strong> ZhytomirProvince that suffered from the radioactive impact <strong>of</strong>the Chernobyl accident and live in the strictly controlledradiation zone (by National Registry data).Scientific and Practical Conference. Public HealthProblems and Perspectives <strong>of</strong> Zhytomir Province, Dedicated to100 th Anniversary<strong>of</strong>O.F.Gerbachevsky’Hospital.September14, 1995, Zhytomir (Materials, Zhytomir): pp.58–60 (in Ukrainian).Napreyenko, A. K. & Loganovsky, K. N. (1995). Systematics<strong>of</strong> mental disorder related sequelae from theChernobyl NPP accident. Doct. Pract. 5–6: 25–29 (inRussian).Napreyenko, A. & Loganovsky, K. (2001). Psychiatricmanagement <strong>of</strong> radioecological disaster victims andlocal war veterans. New Trends Experim. Clinic. Psychiat.XVII(1–4): 43–48.National Belarussian Report (2006). Twenty Years After theChernobyl Catastrophe: Consequences for Belarus Republicand Its Surrounding Area (Shevchuk, V. F. & Gurachevsky,V. L., Eds.) (Belarus, Minsk): 112 pp. (inRussian).National Russian Report (1999). Chernobyl Catastrophe: Resultsand Problems in Overcoming Its Consequences in Russia1986 to 1996. Bol’shov, L. A., Aerutyunyan, R.V., Linge, I. I., Barkhudarov, R. M, Osyp’yants,I. A., et al. (//www.ibrae.ac.Ru/russian/chernobyl/nat_rep_99/13let_text.html) (in Russian).National Ukrainian Report (2006). Twenty Years <strong>of</strong> theChernobyl Catastrophe: A View to the Future (Kiev)(//www.mns.gov.ua/news_show.php).Nedoborsky, K. V., Ogarkov, P. I. & Khodyrev, A.P. (2004). Military-epidemiological significance <strong>of</strong>infections and parasitic pathology among militarypersonnel owing to the radioactive impact <strong>of</strong>their liquidation activities many years after Chernobylcatastrophe. Army Med. J. 325(11): 48–49 (inRussian).Nedvetskaya, V. V. & Lyalykov, S. A. (1994). Craniologicinterval graphic study <strong>of</strong> children’s nervous systemsfrom radioactive contamination areas. Belarus Publ.Health 2: 30–33 (in Russian).Nesterenko, V. B. (1996). Scale and Consequences <strong>of</strong> the ChernobylCatastrophe for Belarus, Ukraine and Russia (Pravoand Economica, Minsk): 72 pp. (in Russian).Nesterenko, V. B., Yakovlev, V. A.&Nazarov,A.G.(Eds.)(1993). Chernobyl Catastrophe: Reasons and Consequences(Expert Conclusion). Pt. 4. Consequences for Ukraine andRussia (Test, Minsk): 243 pp. (in Russian).
150Noshchenko, A. G. & Loganovsky, K. N. (1994). Functionalbrain characteristics <strong>of</strong> people working withinthe 30-kilometer area <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl NPP fromthe viewpoint <strong>of</strong> age-related changes. Doctor Pract. 2:16–19 (in Russian).Noskov, A. I. (2004). Liquidators’ visceral pathology during15 years <strong>of</strong> observation. Astrakhan’ Scientificand Practical Conference with Participation <strong>of</strong> theYoung Scientists and Scholars Seminar. ContemporaryProgress <strong>of</strong> Fundamental Science for Solutions to Actual MedicalProblems (Materials, Astrakhan’): pp. 272–274 (inRussian).Novykova, N. S. (2003). Remote clinical immunologicalcharacters <strong>of</strong> liquidators. M.D. Thesis (NovosibirskMedical Academy): 22 pp. (in Russian).Nyagu, A. I. (1994). Medical Consequences <strong>of</strong> the ChernobylAccident in Ukraine (Science Technical Center,Kiev) (cited by Pflugbeil et al., 2006) (in Russian).Nyagu, A. I. (Ed.) (1995a). Actual and predicted disorders<strong>of</strong> mental health after nuclear catastrophe inChernobyl (Kiev): 347 pp. (in Russian).Nyagu, A. I. (1995b). Vegetative dystonia. In: Bar’yakhtar,V. G. (Ed.), Chernobyl Catastrophe: History, Social,Economical, Geochemical, Biological and Medical Consequences(“Naukova Dumka,” Kiev): pp. 477–480(//www.stopatom.slavutich.kiev.ua/2–3-19.htm) (inRussian).Nyagu, A. I. & Loganovsky, K. N. (1998). Neuro-PsychiatricEffects <strong>of</strong> Ionizing Radiation (“Chernobylinterinform,”Kiev): 370 pp. (in Russian).Nyagu, A. I., Loganovsky, K. N. & Loganovskaya, T. K.(1998). Psychophysiological after-effects <strong>of</strong> prenatalirradiation. Int. J. Psychophys. 30: 303–311.Nyagu, A. I., Loganovsky, K. N., Pott-Born, R., Repin, V.S. & Nechayev, S. Yu., et al. (2004). Effects <strong>of</strong> prenatalbrain irradiation after the Chernobyl accident. Int.J. Rad. Med. 6(1–4): pp. 91–107 (in Russian).Nyagu, A. I., Noshchenko, A. G. & Loganovsky, K. N.(1992). Late effects <strong>of</strong> psychogenic and radiation factorsfrom the Chernobyl accident on the functionalstate <strong>of</strong> the human brain. J. Neuropathol. Psychiat. Korsakova92(4): 72–77 (in Russian).Nyagy, A. I. (2006). General state <strong>of</strong> health after Chernobyl.International Conference. Chernobyl TwentyYears After: View to the Future. April 22–23, 2006,Kiev, Ukraine (//www.ch20.org/agenda.htm) (inRussian).Nykolaev, D. L. & Khmel’, R. D. (1998). Evaluation <strong>of</strong>genetic consequences <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl catastrophe. In:First Congress <strong>of</strong> Belarus Physicians, June 25–26,1998, Minsk (Abstracts, Minsk): pp. 149–150 (inRussian).Nykyforov, V. A. & Eskin, V. Ya. (1998). Delayed characteristicsin optical analyses among liquidators. In:Lyubchenko, P. N. (Ed.), Delayed Results and Problems <strong>of</strong>Medical Observation for Liquidators’ Health (“MONIKI,”Moscow): pp. 77–80 (in Russian).Nykytin, A. I. (2005). Harmful Environmental Factorsand Human Reproductive System: Responsibility forFuture Generations (ELBY, St. Petersburg): 216 pp.(in Russian).Nykytyna, N. V. (2002). Studies <strong>of</strong> bone mineral densityand strength <strong>of</strong> osseous tissue metabolism in liquidatorsand their children. Sixth Regional Conference<strong>of</strong> Young Researchers. Volgograd Province, November13–16, 2001, Volgograd (Abstracts, Volgograd):pp. 87–88 (in Russian).Nykytyna, N. V. (2005). Osteoporosis in liquidators and itscorrection by alfa-calcidol. M.D. Thesis (VolgogradMedical University, Volgograd): 27 pp. (in Russian).Oganesyan, N. M., Asryan, K. V., Myridzhanyan, M. I.,Petrosyan, Sh. M., Pogosyan, A. S. & Abramyan, A.K. (2002). Evaluation <strong>of</strong> medical consequences <strong>of</strong>low dose ionizing radiation in Armenian liquidators.In: Third International Symposium on Mechanisms<strong>of</strong> Ultra-Low Dose Action. December 3–6, 2002,Moscow (Abstracts, Moscow): p. 114 (in Russian).Onitchenko, N. P., Kokyeva, O. V., S<strong>of</strong>’yna, L. I.,Khosroeva, D. A. & Litvynova, T. N. (2003).Method <strong>of</strong> risk prognostication for development <strong>of</strong>chronic pancreatitis in liquidators. Russian Patent2211449, MPK {7} G-1N 33/48, G01N 33/50/-N2001114065/14; Bull. 24 (in Russian).Oradovskaya, I. V. (2007). Immunological Monitoring <strong>of</strong>Chernobyl Catastrophe 2001–2006: Results <strong>of</strong> LongitudinalStudies (Institute <strong>of</strong> Immunology, Moscow):608 pp. (in Russian).Oradovskaya, I. V., Vykulov, G. Kh., Feoktistov, V. V. &Bozheskaya, N. V. (2006). Delayed medical consequencesin liquidators: Results <strong>of</strong> 20 years <strong>of</strong> longitudinalmonitoring. International Scientific and PracticalConference. Twenty Years After the Chernobyl Catastrophe:Ecological and Social Lessons. June 5, 2006, Moscow(Materials, Moscow): pp. 166–184 (in Russian).Orlov, Yu. A. (1993). Dynamics <strong>of</strong> congenital malformationsand primitive neuroectodermal tumors. ScientificConference <strong>of</strong> CIS States. Social-Psychological andPsycho-Neurological Consequences <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl Catastrophe(Materials, Kiev): pp. 259–260 (in Russian).Orlov, Yu. A. & Shaversky, A. V. (2003). Influence<strong>of</strong> ionizing radiation and malignant brain injuryin children under 3 years <strong>of</strong> age. Ukr. Neurosurg.J. 3(21) (//www.ecosvit.org/ru/influence.php) (inUkrainian).Orlov, Yu. A., Shaversky, A. V. & Mykhalyuk, V. S.(2006). Neuro-oncological morbidity in Ukrainianpreteen children. 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This monograph is a reprint of
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ChernobylConsequences of the Catast
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viChapter III. Consequences of the
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viiiFor a long time I have thought
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CHERNOBYLPrefaceThe principal idea
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xii• Chapter IV: Radiation Protec
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CHERNOBYLAcknowledgmentsThe present
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xviPintchouk, L.B., Institute of Ex
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2The basic conclusion of the report
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CHERNOBYLChapter I. Chernobyl Conta
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6tled outside of Belarus, Ukraine,
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8TABLE 1.1. Estimations of a Geogra
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10Figure 1.6. Some of the main area
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12Figure 1.7. The path of one Chern
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14Figure 1.10. Reconstruction of co
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16Figure 1.12. Transuranic radionuc
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18TABLE 1.3. Radioactive Contaminat
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20Figure 1.15. Spotty concentration
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22Figure 1.16. Maps of the Chernoby
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24the teeth of 6,000 children and f
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26TABLE 1.8. Estimation of the Popu
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28observations of fallout from the
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30Contamination: Chernobyl’s lega
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CHERNOBYL2. Chernobyl’s Public He
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34persons who were involved in liqu
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36the incomplete official data for
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38periodic journals and magazines a
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40Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Ef
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CHERNOBYL3. General Morbidity, Impa
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44TABLE 3.2. Frequency of Complaint
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46Figure 3.2. Number (percentage) o
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48TABLE 3.7. Percent of “Practica
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50TABLE 3.12. Disability in Liquida
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52Gutkovsky, I. A., Kul’kova, L.
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54prenatally irradiated children. B
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56encephalopathy in those 40 years
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CHERNOBYL5. Nonmalignant Diseases a
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602. Children of liquidators living
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625.1.2.1. Belarus1. Cardiovascular
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64blood pressure was characteristic
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66TABLE 5.4. Incidence of (%, M ±
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687. For the majority surveyed in t
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70TABLE 5.12. Chromosomal Mutations
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72TABLE 5.16. Incidence of Down Syn
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74mortality; (c) an increase in de
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76Organization (WHO) (Chernobyl For
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78Adequate and timely thyroid funct
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805.3.1.2. Ukraine1. The noticeable
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82TABLE 5.24. General Endocrine Mor
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84of cases of autoimmune thyroiditi
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86between 1992 and 2001 (Moskalenko
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88protein X concentration in urine,
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90the 30-km Chernobyl zone. In 1986
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9211. In the 7 to 9 years after the
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94Figure 5.7. Chronic bronchitis an
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96TABLE 5.33. Respiratory Morbidity
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- Page 119 and 120: 102from Chernobyl fallout changed o
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- Page 125 and 126: 108indicated an almost twofold incr
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- Page 129 and 130: 1123. SWEDEN. A comprehensive analy
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- Page 133 and 134: 116Only after 2000 did medical auth
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- Page 149 and 150: 132Figure 5.15. Typical examples of
- Page 151 and 152: 134TABLE 5.79. Incidence (per 100,0
- Page 153 and 154: 136Arynchyna, N. T. & Mil’kmanovi
- Page 155 and 156: 138Brogger, A., Reitan, J. B., Stra
- Page 157 and 158: 140Drygyna, L. B. (2002). Clinical
- Page 159 and 160: 142Goncharova, R. I. (2000). Remote
- Page 161 and 162: 144September 27-29, 1999, Minsk (Be
- Page 163 and 164: 146Vuazen, K. (Eds.), Pulmonary Sys
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- Page 169 and 170: 152Ukr. Herald Soc. Hygien. Publ. H
- Page 171 and 172: 154Cytogenetic observations of chil
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- Page 175 and 176: 158Tytov, L. P. (2002). Early and r
- Page 177 and 178: 160Zaitsev, V. A., Petrenko, S. V.
- Page 179 and 180: 162that all data from former republ
- Page 181 and 182: 164TABLE 6.4. Childhood Cancer Morb
- Page 183 and 184: 166Figure 6.5. General thyroid canc
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- Page 189 and 190: 172Figure 6.12. Total I-131 contami
- Page 191 and 192: 174Figure 6.16. Papillary thyroid c
- Page 193 and 194: 176well as being a result of the ad
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- Page 197 and 198: 180TABLE 6.14. Leukemia Morbidity (
- Page 199 and 200: 182Figure 6.20. Breast cancer morbi
- Page 201 and 202: 184TABLE 6.18. Increase in Morbidit
- Page 203 and 204: 186Busby, C. (1995). The Wings of D
- Page 205 and 206: 188Ivanov, V. K. & Tsyb, A. F. (200
- Page 207 and 208: 190ujf-grenoble.fr/SANTE/alpesmed/e
- Page 209 and 210: CHERNOBYL7. Mortality after the Che
- Page 211 and 212: 194Figure 7.3. Stillbirth rate (per
- Page 213 and 214: 196Figure 7.7. Trends of stillbirth
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200Figure 7.11. Perinatal mortality
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202Figure 7.14. Trend of infant mor
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204Figure 7.19. Trend of mortality
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206TABLE 7.6. Causes of Death (%) o
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208TABLE 7.9. Estimates of the Numb
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210TABLE 7.11. Number of Additional
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212Buzhievskaya, T. I., Tchaikovska
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214Law of Ukraine (2006). About Sta
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216to and 3 years subsequent to the
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218Figure 1. Absolute number of the
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220pathology formation, prognosis).
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222Twenty Years of Chernobyl Catast
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224TABLE 8.1. Concentration (Bq/m 3
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226Concentrations of Cs-131/Cs-134/
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228TABLE 8.6. Coefficients of Accum
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230Figure 8.2. The annual mean Cs-1
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232TABLE 8.10. Ground Deposition (k
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234ReferencesAarkrog, A. (1988). St
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236pectin-containing food additives
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238Figure 9.1. Radioautographs of p
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240TABLE 9.4. Levels of Radionuclid
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242TABLE 9.6. Inter- and Intraspeci
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244TABLE 9.8. Intensity of Cs-137 A
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246each place and time for each ind
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248TABLE 9.14. Frequency of Some Mo
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250TABLE 9.20. Change in Anthocyani
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252Grodzinsky, D. M. (2006). Reflec
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254after accident. Radiat. Biol. Ra
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256TABLE 10.1. Maximum Concentratio
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258Figure 10.2. Individual variabil
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260TABLE 10.4. Concentration of Som
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262TABLE 10.7. Some Recorded Cherno
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264isotope analyses on current and
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266TABLE 10.12. Abnormalities in La
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268TABLE 10.16. The Frequency of Do
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27015. Animals in the Chernobyl zon
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272TABLE 10.25. Immune Status of th
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274ReferencesAdamovich, V. L. (1998
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276Environmental Health (Center for
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278water bodies. Herald Nat. Belar.
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280E. V. (1996). Chromosome aberrat
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282with up to 40 Ci/km 2 (Zymenko e
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284Luk’yanova, E. M., Denysova, M
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286demonstrate a return to historic
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288enterosorbents, and Chapter IV.1
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290on contaminated foodstuffs avail
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292Figure 12.1. Countrywide mean co
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294TABLE 12.5. Concentration (pCi/l
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296TABLE 12.7. Cs-137 Body Burden i
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298Figure 12.5. Average specific ac
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300Figure 12.10. Body burden of Cs-
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302Omelyanets, N. I. (2001). Radioe
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304formation. The additives prevent
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306TABLE 13.2. EKG Normalization Re
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308increased sense of personal resp
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310Nesterenko, V. B. (2005). Radiat
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312require a separate monograph. Th
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3141. In the exclusion zone, which
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316Foods rich in K include potatoes
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CHERNOBYL15. Consequences of the Ch
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320• Inadequacy of modern knowled
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322with illnesses characteristic of
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324Chernobyl-contaminated areas, ra
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326information which can be unwante