Yablokov et al.: Atmospheric, Water, and Soil Contamination 233TABLE 8.13. I-131 and Cs-134/Cs-137 Soil Contamination (kBq/m 2 ) from Chernobyl Radionuclidesin Some Parts <strong>of</strong> the United Kingdom, 1986Radionuclide Activity Location Date ReferenceI-131 26 Lerwick, Shetland May 1–6 Cambray et al., 198741 Holmrook, CumbriaCs-137 7.4 Sellafield, Cumbria May Fulker, 198715 Ireland 1986 Rafferty et al., 19930.6 Berkeley, Gloucestershire May Nair and Darley, 1986Cs-134/Cs-137 100 Scotland May Wynne, 1989Gross beta 88.4 Strathclyde, Scotland May 6 RADNET, 2008TABLE 8.14. Examples <strong>of</strong> Ground Deposition <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl Radionuclides (Dibb and Rice, 1988; Dreiceret al., 1986; Miller and Gedulig, 1986; Gebbie and Paris, 1986)Radionuclide Location Date, 1986 ActivityCs-137 Solomons Island, MD May 8–June 20 4,250 Bq/m 2Chester, NJ May 17 9.40 Bq/m 2∗Cs-134 Solomons Island, MD May 8–June 20 2,000 Bq/m 2Ru-103 Solomons Island, MD May 8–June 20 22,000 Bq/m 2Chester, NJ June 3 18.46 Bq/m 2Chester, NJ May 23 15 Bq/m 2I-131 Chester, NJ May 23 47.2 Bq/m 2Portland, OR May 11 9,157 pCi/m 2∗ Deposition on grass.Undoubtedly there are such changes and, owingto the amount <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl radionuclidesthat were added to the biosphere, the changeswill continue for many decades.Contrary to the common view that theChernobyl plumes contained mostly light andgaseous radionuclides, which would disappearwithout a trace into the Earth’s atmosphere,theavailablefactsindicatethatevenPuTABLE 8.15. Level <strong>of</strong> Ground Radioactive Contaminationafter the Chernobyl Catastrophe onBritish Embassy Territory in Some EuropeanCountries (http://members.tripod.com/∼BRuslan/win/energe1.htm)Cs-134, Cs-137,Location kBq/m 2 kBq/m 2Czech (Prague) 4.9 2.9Hungary (Budapest) 8.8 5.3Yugoslavia (Belgrade) 7.3 4.4Romania (Bucharest) 4.3 2.6Poland (Warsaw) 2.8 1.7concentrations increased thousands <strong>of</strong> times atdistances as far as many thousands <strong>of</strong> kilometersaway from Chernobyl.Common estimates <strong>of</strong> the level <strong>of</strong> radioactivityper liter or cubic or square meter maskthe phenomenon <strong>of</strong> radionuclides concentrating(sometimes many thousands <strong>of</strong> times) insediments, in sea spume, in soil micr<strong>of</strong>ilms, etc.,through bioconcentration (for details see Chapters9 and 10). This means that harmless looking“average” levels <strong>of</strong> radionuclides inevitablyhave a powerful impact on living organisms inthe contaminated ecosystems.As a result <strong>of</strong> vertical migration <strong>of</strong> radionuclidesthrough soil, they accumulate in plantswith deep root systems. Absorbed by the roots,the buried radionuclides again rise to the surfaceand will be incorporated in the food chain.This transfer is one <strong>of</strong> the more importantmechanisms observed in recent years that leadsto increased internal irradiation for people inthe all <strong>of</strong> the territories contaminated by nuclearfallout.
234ReferencesAarkrog, A. (1988). Studies <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl debris in Denmark.Env. Intern. 14(2): 49–155.Aoyama, M., Hirose, K. & Sugimura, Y. (1987). Deposition<strong>of</strong> gamma-emitting nuclides in Japan afterthe reactor-IV accident at Chernobyl. J. Radioanalyt.Nucl. Chem. 116(2): 291–306.Aoyama, M., Hirose, K. & Sugimura, Y. (1991). The temporalvariation <strong>of</strong> stratospheric fallout derived fromthe Chernobyl accident. J. Env. Radioact. 13(2): 103–116.Aoyama, M., Hirose, K., Suzuki, Y., Inoue, H. & Sugimura,Y. (1986). High levels <strong>of</strong> radioactive nuclidesin Japan in May. Nature 321: 819–820.Bakhur, A. E., Starodubov, A. V., Zuev, D. M., Dydykin,S. V. & Gogol, S. B. (2005). Current radioecologicalcondition <strong>of</strong> the environment with prolongedradioactive contamination in the southwestzones <strong>of</strong> Bryansk province. International Scientificand Practical Conference. Chernobyl20YearsLater:Social and Economic Problems and Perspectives <strong>of</strong> Development<strong>of</strong> the Affected Territories (Materials, Bryansk): pp.14–17.Beentjes, L. B. and Duijsings, J. H. (1987). Radioactivecontamination in Nijmegen rainwater after theChernobyl accident. Sci. Total Environ. 64(3): 253–258.Bilo, M., Steffens, W. & Fuhr, F. (1993). Uptake <strong>of</strong>134/137Cs by cereals as a function <strong>of</strong> several parameters<strong>of</strong> three soil types in Upper Swabia and NorthRhine-Westphalia (FRG). J. Env. Radioact. 19(1): 25–40.Blakar, I. A., Hongve, D. & Njastad, O. (1992). Chernobylcesium in the sediments <strong>of</strong> Lake Hoysjoen, centralNorway. J. Env. Radioact. 17(1): 49–58.Blynova, L. D. (1998). Radioecological monitoring <strong>of</strong> theatmosphere and hydrosphere near Sosnovy Bor City.Thesis. St. Petersburg, 16 pp. (in Russian).Bondietti, E. A. & Brantley, J. N. (1986). Characteristics<strong>of</strong> Chernobyl radioactivity in Tennessee. Nature 322:313–314.Bondietti, E. A., Brantley, J. N. & Rangarajan, C.(1988). Size distributions and growth <strong>of</strong> natural andChernobyl-derived submicron aerosols in Tennessee.J. Env. Radioact. 6: 99–120.Borysevich, N. Y. & Poplyko, I. Y. (2002). Scientific Solution<strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl Problems: Year 2001 Results (RadiologyInstitute, Minsk): 44 pp. (in Russian).Broda, R. (1987). Gamma spectros<strong>copy</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> hotparticles from the Chernobyl fallout. Acta PhysicaPolica. B18: 935–950.Cambray, R. S., Cawse, P. A., Garland, J. A., Gibson,J. A. B., Johnson, P., et al. (1987). Observations onradioactivity from the Chernobyl accident. Nucl. Energy26(2): 77–101.Clooth, G. & Aumann, D. C. (1990). Environmental transferparameters and radiological impact <strong>of</strong> the Chernobylfallout in and around Bonn. J. Env. Radioact.12(2): 97–120.CRII-RAD (1988). Contamination radioactive de l’ArcAlpin. Commission de Recherche et d’InformationIndependantes sur la Radioactivite (CRII-RAD, Valence)(cited by RADNET, 2008).Dibb, J. E. & Rice, D. L. (1988). Chernobyl fallout inthe Chesapeake Bay region. J. Env. Radioac. 7: 193–196.Dreicer, M., Helfer, I. K. & Miller, K. M. (1986). Measurement<strong>of</strong> Chernobyl fallout activity in grass andsoil in Chester, New Jersey. In: Compendium <strong>of</strong> EnvironmentalMeasurement Laboratory Research Projects Related tothe Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. Report EML-460 (Department<strong>of</strong> Energy, New York): pp. 265–284 (citedby RADNET, 2008).Energy (2008). Chernobyl echo in Europe (//www.members.tripod.com/∼BRuslan/win/energe1.htm).European Environmental Agency (1999). State and Pressures<strong>of</strong> the Marine and Coastal Mediterranean Environment(European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen):44 pp. (//www.reports.eea.europa.eu/medsea/en/medsea_en.pdf).Feely, H. W., Helfer, I. K., Juzdan, Z. R., Klusek, C. S.,Larsen,R.J.,et al. (1988). Fallout in the New Yorkmetropolitan area following the Chernobyl accident.J. Env. Radioact. 7: 177–191.Franić, Zd., Marović, G. & Lokobauer, N. (2006). Radiocesiumactivity concentrations in wheat grains inthe Republic <strong>of</strong> Croatia from 1965 to 2003 and doseassessment. Env. Monitor. Assess. 115(1–3): 51–67.Fulker, M. J. (1987). Aspects <strong>of</strong> environmental monitoringby British Nuclear Fuels plc following the Chernobylreactor accident. J. Env. Radioact. 5: 235–244 (citedby RADNET, 2008).Gagarinsky, A. Yu., Golovin, I. S. & Ignat’ev, V. V. (1994).Nuclear-Energy Complex <strong>of</strong> Former USSR: Analytical Review(Russian Nuclear Society, Moscow): 106 pp. (inRussian).Gebbie, K. M. & Paris, R. D. (1986). Chernobyl: Oregon’sResponse (Oregon Department <strong>of</strong> Human Resources,Portland) (cited by RADNET, 2008).Gogolak, C. V., Winkelmann, I., Weimer, S., Wolff, S. &Klopfer, P. (1986). Observations <strong>of</strong> the Chernobylfallout in Germany by in situ gamma-ray spectrometry.In: Compendium <strong>of</strong> Environmental Measurement LaboratoryResearch Projects Related to the Chernobyl NuclearAccident. Report EML-460 (US DOE, New York):pp. 244–258 (cited by RADNET, 2008).Gres’, N. A. (1997). Influence <strong>of</strong> pectinous formulations onthe micro-element composition <strong>of</strong> children’s blood.
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This monograph is a reprint of
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ChernobylConsequences of the Catast
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viChapter III. Consequences of the
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viiiFor a long time I have thought
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CHERNOBYLPrefaceThe principal idea
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xii• Chapter IV: Radiation Protec
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CHERNOBYLAcknowledgmentsThe present
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xviPintchouk, L.B., Institute of Ex
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2The basic conclusion of the report
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CHERNOBYLChapter I. Chernobyl Conta
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6tled outside of Belarus, Ukraine,
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8TABLE 1.1. Estimations of a Geogra
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10Figure 1.6. Some of the main area
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12Figure 1.7. The path of one Chern
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14Figure 1.10. Reconstruction of co
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16Figure 1.12. Transuranic radionuc
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18TABLE 1.3. Radioactive Contaminat
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20Figure 1.15. Spotty concentration
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22Figure 1.16. Maps of the Chernoby
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24the teeth of 6,000 children and f
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26TABLE 1.8. Estimation of the Popu
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28observations of fallout from the
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30Contamination: Chernobyl’s lega
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34persons who were involved in liqu
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36the incomplete official data for
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38periodic journals and magazines a
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40Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Ef
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44TABLE 3.2. Frequency of Complaint
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46Figure 3.2. Number (percentage) o
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48TABLE 3.7. Percent of “Practica
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50TABLE 3.12. Disability in Liquida
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52Gutkovsky, I. A., Kul’kova, L.
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54prenatally irradiated children. B
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56encephalopathy in those 40 years
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602. Children of liquidators living
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64blood pressure was characteristic
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66TABLE 5.4. Incidence of (%, M ±
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70TABLE 5.12. Chromosomal Mutations
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72TABLE 5.16. Incidence of Down Syn
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74mortality; (c) an increase in de
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76Organization (WHO) (Chernobyl For
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78Adequate and timely thyroid funct
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84of cases of autoimmune thyroiditi
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86between 1992 and 2001 (Moskalenko
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88protein X concentration in urine,
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90the 30-km Chernobyl zone. In 1986
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9211. In the 7 to 9 years after the
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94Figure 5.7. Chronic bronchitis an
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96TABLE 5.33. Respiratory Morbidity
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985.6.2. Ukraine1. Urogenital disea
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100TABLE 5.36. Urogenital Morbidity
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102from Chernobyl fallout changed o
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104TABLE 5.43. Primary Osteomuscula
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10610. From 1991 to 2000 there was
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108indicated an almost twofold incr
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110TABLE 5.49. Dynamics of Nervous
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1123. SWEDEN. A comprehensive analy
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1143. In 1991 a group of 512 childr
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116Only after 2000 did medical auth
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11819. In 7 to 8 years after the ca
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120TABLE 5.58. Digestive System Mor
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122TABLE 5.62. Overall Skin Disease
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1243. The incidence of kidney infec
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126TABLE 5.68. Incidence of Congeni
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128TABLE 5.73. Comparison of the In
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130TABLE 5.74. Congenital Malformat
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132Figure 5.15. Typical examples of
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134TABLE 5.79. Incidence (per 100,0
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136Arynchyna, N. T. & Mil’kmanovi
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138Brogger, A., Reitan, J. B., Stra
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140Drygyna, L. B. (2002). Clinical
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142Goncharova, R. I. (2000). Remote
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144September 27-29, 1999, Minsk (Be
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146Vuazen, K. (Eds.), Pulmonary Sys
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148June 4-8, 2001, Kiev, Ukraine (A
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150Noshchenko, A. G. & Loganovsky,
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152Ukr. Herald Soc. Hygien. Publ. H
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154Cytogenetic observations of chil
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156dysfunction in persons sick from
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158Tytov, L. P. (2002). Early and r
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160Zaitsev, V. A., Petrenko, S. V.
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162that all data from former republ
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164TABLE 6.4. Childhood Cancer Morb
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166Figure 6.5. General thyroid canc
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168Figure 6.7. Thyroid cancer morbi
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170Figure 6.9. Thyroid cancer morbi
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172Figure 6.12. Total I-131 contami
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174Figure 6.16. Papillary thyroid c
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176well as being a result of the ad
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178TABLE 6.11. Leukemia Morbidity (
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180TABLE 6.14. Leukemia Morbidity (
- Page 199 and 200: 182Figure 6.20. Breast cancer morbi
- Page 201 and 202: 184TABLE 6.18. Increase in Morbidit
- Page 203 and 204: 186Busby, C. (1995). The Wings of D
- Page 205 and 206: 188Ivanov, V. K. & Tsyb, A. F. (200
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- Page 211 and 212: 194Figure 7.3. Stillbirth rate (per
- Page 213 and 214: 196Figure 7.7. Trends of stillbirth
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- Page 217 and 218: 200Figure 7.11. Perinatal mortality
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- Page 231 and 232: 214Law of Ukraine (2006). About Sta
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- Page 235 and 236: 218Figure 1. Absolute number of the
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- Page 239 and 240: 222Twenty Years of Chernobyl Catast
- Page 241 and 242: 224TABLE 8.1. Concentration (Bq/m 3
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- Page 253 and 254: 236pectin-containing food additives
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- Page 269 and 270: 252Grodzinsky, D. M. (2006). Reflec
- Page 271 and 272: 254after accident. Radiat. Biol. Ra
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- Page 291 and 292: 274ReferencesAdamovich, V. L. (1998
- Page 293 and 294: 276Environmental Health (Center for
- Page 295 and 296: 278water bodies. Herald Nat. Belar.
- Page 297 and 298: 280E. V. (1996). Chromosome aberrat
- Page 299 and 300: 282with up to 40 Ci/km 2 (Zymenko e
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284Luk’yanova, E. M., Denysova, M
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286demonstrate a return to historic
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288enterosorbents, and Chapter IV.1
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290on contaminated foodstuffs avail
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292Figure 12.1. Countrywide mean co
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294TABLE 12.5. Concentration (pCi/l
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296TABLE 12.7. Cs-137 Body Burden i
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298Figure 12.5. Average specific ac
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300Figure 12.10. Body burden of Cs-
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302Omelyanets, N. I. (2001). Radioe
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304formation. The additives prevent
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306TABLE 13.2. EKG Normalization Re
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308increased sense of personal resp
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310Nesterenko, V. B. (2005). Radiat
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312require a separate monograph. Th
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3141. In the exclusion zone, which
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316Foods rich in K include potatoes
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CHERNOBYL15. Consequences of the Ch
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320• Inadequacy of modern knowled
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322with illnesses characteristic of
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324Chernobyl-contaminated areas, ra
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326information which can be unwante