Yablokov: Nonmalignant Diseases after Chernobyl 145Catastrophe: Ecological and Social Lessons. June 5,2006, Moscow (Materials, Moscow): pp. 81–86 (inRussian).Kondratenko, G. G. (1998). Ulcerative gastro-duodenalhemorrhage incidence after the Chernobyl accident.Herald Belarus. Nat. Acad. Sci. (Biol.) 3: 111–114 (inRussian).Kondrusev, A. I. (1989). Sanitary and health measurestaken to deal with the consequences <strong>of</strong> the Chernobylaccident. In: Medical Aspects <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl Accident.IAEA Technical Document 516 (IAEA,Vienna): pp.39–63.Konoplya, E. E. (1998). Status <strong>of</strong> people with thyroidpathologies suffering from Chernobyl catastrophe.International Scientific and Practical Conference.Ecology and Youth, Gomel. March 17–19, 1998 (Materials,Gomel’): pp. 31–32 (in Russian).Korblein, A. (2000). Low dose radiation effects: Germandata. In: Second Congress <strong>of</strong> the Vavilov GeneticSelection Society. February 1–5, 2000, St. Petersburg(Abstracts, St. Petersburg), Vol. 2: pp. 337–338 (inRussian).Korblein, A. (2002). Infant mortality following Chernobyl.In: Third International Symposium on Mechanisms<strong>of</strong> Ultra-Low Dose Action. December 3–6,2002, Moscow (Abstracts, Moscow): pp. 157–160 (inRussian).Körblein, A. (2003). Säuglingssterblichkeit nach Tschernobyl.Berichte Otto Hug Strahleninstitut 24: 6–34 (inGerman).Körblein, A. (2004). Fehlbildungen in Bayern nachTschernobyl. Strahlentelex 416–417: 4–6 (inGerman).Korobko, V. I., Korytko, S. S., Bletko, T. V. & Korbut, I.I. (1996). Interferon system function abnormalitiesin liquidators: Correlation <strong>of</strong> interferon status andimmune and hormonal statuses indices. Immunology1: 56–58 (in Russian).Korol, N. A., Treskunova, T. V. & Duchota, T. A. (1999).Children’s health status affected by Chernobyl accident.In: Medical Consequences <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl Accident,Vol. 1 (“MEDECOL,” Kiev): pp. 120–134 (inRussian).Kovalenko, A. N. & Loganovsky, K. N. (2001). WhetherChronic Fatigue Syndrome and Metabolic SyndromeX in Chernobyl accident survivors are membranepathologies? Ukr. Med. J. 6 (26): 70–81 (inRussian).Kovaleva, L. I., Lyubchenko, P. N. & Shyrokova, E.B. (2004). Myocardial reactive ability in liquidatorsas indicated by polycardiographic data many yearslater. Med. Radiol. Radiat. Safety 49 (2): 17–21 (inRussian).Krasnov, V. N., Yurkin, M. M., Vojtsekh, V. F., Skavysh, V.A., Gorobets, L. N., et al. (1993). Mental disorders inliquidators. Report I: Structure and current pathogenesis.Soc. Clinic. Psychiat. 3 (1): 5–10 (in Russian)Kruslin, B., Jukic, S., Kos, M., Simic, G. & Cviko, A.(1998). Congenital anomalies <strong>of</strong> the central nervoussystem at autopsy in Croatia in the period before andafter Chernobyl. Acta Med. Croat. 52: 103–107.Kuchinskaya, E. A. (2001). Immune system characteristicsin practically healthy children and adolescentswith autoimmune thyroiditis living in variousradio-ecological Belarussian areas. Ph.D. Thesis Biology(Belarus Medical University, Minsk): 21 pp. (inRussian).Kudryashov, Yu. B. (2001). Radiobiology: Yesterday, todayand tomorrow. In: Chernobyl: Duty and Courage1 (Institute <strong>of</strong> Strategic Stability, Ministry for NuclearAffairs, Moscow) (//www.iss.niiit.ru/<strong>book</strong>-4)(in Russian).Kulakov, V. I., Sokur, A. L., Volobuev, A. L., Tsybul’skaya,I. S., Malisheva, V. A., et al. (1993). Female reproductivefunctions in areas affected by radiation after theChernobyl power station accident. Env. Health Persp.101: 117–123 (in Russian).Kulakov, V. I., Sokur, T. N., Tsybul’skaya, I. S.,Dolzhenko, I. S., Volobuyev, A. I., et al. (1997).Chernobyl and Health <strong>of</strong> the Future Generations.In: Chernobyl: Duty and Courage 1 (Institute <strong>of</strong> StrategicStability, Moscow) (//www.iss.niiit.ru/<strong>book</strong>-4) (inRussian).Kul’kova, L. V., Ispenkov, E. A., Gutkovsky, I. A., Voinov,I. N., Ulanovskaya, E.V.,et al. (1996). Epidemiologicalmonitoring <strong>of</strong> children’s health in the radionuclidecontaminated territories <strong>of</strong> Gomel province.Med. Radiol. Radioact. Safety 2: 12–15 (in Russian).Kureneva, E. Yu. & Shidlovskaya, T. A. (2005). Comparativeanalysis <strong>of</strong> tonal audiometry in patientswith conventional and abnormal chronic dystrophiaand auditory insufficiency associated with radioactivegenesis. Russ. Otorinolaringolog. 5: 61–65 (inRussian).Kurilo, L. F., Lyubashevskaya, I. A. & Dubinskaya, V. P.(1993). Cellular composition <strong>of</strong> immature sperm cellsin ejaculation. Urol. Nefrol. 2: 45–47 (in Russian).Kut’ko, I. I., Rachkauskas, G. S., Safonova, E. F., Pusovaya,O. A., Mutychko, M. V. & Romashko, A.M. (1996). Clinical and immunological characteristics<strong>of</strong> liquidators with associated neuropsychologicalpathology. In: Kut’ko, I. I. & Petruk, P. T., History <strong>of</strong>Saburov’ Dacha: Successes <strong>of</strong> Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgeryand Psychiatry 3 (Ukrainian Institute for ClinicalExperience in Neurology Psychiatry and KharkovCity Hospital N0 15, Kharkov): pp. 255–257 (inRussian).Kut’kov, V. A. (1998). Atmospheric radionuclide contaminationafter the Chernobyl accident and lung irradiation.In: Chuchalin, A. G., Chernyaev, A. L. &
146Vuazen, K. (Eds.), Pulmonary System Pathology in Liquidators(Grant, Moscow): pp. 10–43 (in Russian).Kut’kov, V. A., Murav’ev, Yu. B., Aref’eva, Z. S. & Kamaritskaya,O. I. (1993). Hot particles: View sevenyears after the Chernobyl accident. Pulmonology 4:10–19 (in Russian).Kuz’myna, N. S. & Suskov, I. I. (2002). Expression <strong>of</strong>genomic instability in children’s lymphocytes livingunder prolonged impact <strong>of</strong> radioactive factors. Rad.Biol. Radioecol. 42 (6): 735–739 (in Russian).Kuznetsova, S. M., Krasylenko, E. P. & Kuznetsov, V.V. (2004). Brain circulatory diseases and cerebralcirculation in liquidators: Age characteristics. Clin.Gerontol. 10 (8): 18–28 (in Russian).Kyra, E. F., Tsvelev, Yu. V., Greben’kov, S. V., Gubin, V.A. & Chernichenko, I. I. (2003). Female reproductivehealth in the radioactive contaminated territories.Military Med. J. 324 (4): 13–16 (in Russian).Kyril’chik, E. Yu. (2000). Characteristics <strong>of</strong> immune statusand immune rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> children living inradioactive contaminated territories: Clinical laboratorystudies 1996–1999. M.D. Thesis (Minsk MedicalInstitute, Minsk): 21 pp. (in Russian).Kyseleva, E. P. (2000). Autoimmune abnormalities in liquidators11 years after the Chernobyl accident. Rad.Biol. Radiolog. 1: 32–36 (in Russian).Kyseleva, E. P. & Mozzherova, M. A. (2003). Dermatologicmorbidity among children from the contaminatedareas <strong>of</strong> Bryansk Province after the Chernobylaccident. Bryansk Med. Herald 6(11): 45–48.Lavdovskaya, M. V., Lysenko, A. Ya., Basova, E. N., Lozovaya,G. A., Baleva, L. S. & Rybalkyna, T. N. (1996).The “host-opportunistic protozoa” system: Effect <strong>of</strong>ionizing radiation on incidence <strong>of</strong> cryptosporidiosisand pneumocystosis. Parasitology 2: 153–157 (inRussian).Lazjuk, G. I., Bedelbaeva, K. A. & Fomina, Zh. N. (1990).Cytogenetic effects <strong>of</strong> additional low doses <strong>of</strong> ionizingradiation. Belar. Publ. Health 6: 38–41 (in Russian).Lazjuk, G. I., Kirillova, I. A. & Nykolaev, D. L. (1994).Hereditary pathology in Belarus and the Chernobylaccident. In: Chernobyl Accident: Medical Aspects(Collected Papers, Minsk): pp. 167–183 (inRussian).Lazjuk, G. I., Nykolaev, D. L. & Khmel’, R. D. (1996a).Absolute number and frequency <strong>of</strong> congenital malformations,strict accounting (CM SA) in some Belarusregions. Biomed. Aspects Chernob. Accident (Minsk)1: 15–17 (in Russian).Lazjuk, G., Nykolaev, D. & Novykova, I. (1996b). Congenitaland hereditary pathology in Belarus in view<strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl catastrophe. Medicine 3 (12): 7–8.Lazjuk, G. I., Nykolaev, D. L. & Novykova, I. V. (1997).Changes in registered congenital anomalies in theRepublic <strong>of</strong> Belarus after the Chernobyl accident.Stem Cells 15: (Suppl. 2): 255–260.Lazjuk, G. I., Nykolaev, D. L., Novykova, I. V., Poplytyko,A. D. & Khmel’, R. D. (1999a). Belarussian populationradiation exposure after Chernobyl accidentand congenital malformation. Int. J. Rad. Med. 1:63–70 (in Russian).Lazjuk, G., Satow, Y., Nykolaev, D. & Novykova, I.(1999b). Genetic consequences <strong>of</strong> the Chernobyl accidentfor Belarus Republic. In: Imanaka, T. (Ed.),Recent Research Activities on the Chernobyl NPP Accidentin Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, KURRI-KR-7 (KyotoUniversity, Kyoto): 174–177.Lazjuk, G. I., Zatsepin, I. O., Verje, P., Ganier, B., Robert,E., et al. (2002). Down Syndrome and ionizing radiation:Direct-effect or by-chance connections. Rad.Biol. Radioecol. 42 (6): 678–683 (in Russian).Lenskaya, R. V., Pyvovarova, A. I., Luk’yanova, A. G.,Bykova, I. A., Zakharova, G. A., et al. (1995). Results<strong>of</strong> hematological and cytochemical screening<strong>of</strong> blood from 906 children from Bryansk provinceterritories with different levels <strong>of</strong> cesium-137 andstrontium-90 soil contamination. Hematol. Transfusiol.40 (6): 30–34 (in Russian).Lenskaya, R. V., Zubrikhyna, G. N., Tarasova, I. S.,Buyankin, V. M. & Kaznacheev, K. S. (1999). Clinicaland immunological characteristics <strong>of</strong> childrenpermanently living in radionuclide-contaminatedterritories as a function <strong>of</strong> the dose <strong>of</strong> internal irradiation.Haematol. Transfusiol. 44 (2): 34–37 (in Russian).Leonova, T. A. (2001). Functional state <strong>of</strong> reproductivesystem among girls <strong>of</strong> pubertal age with autoimmunethyroiditis. Third International Conference. MedicalConsequences <strong>of</strong> Chernobyl Catastrophe: Outcomes <strong>of</strong> 15-YearStudies. June 4–8, Kiev, Ukraine (Abstracts, Kiev): pp.224–225 (in Russian).Leonova, T. A. & Astakhova, L. N. (1998). Autoimmunethyroiditis in pubertal girls. Public Health 5: 30–33 (inRussian).Lipchak, O. V., Elagin, V. V., Kartashova, S. S. & Timchenko,O. I. (2003). Risk <strong>of</strong> reproductive disordersamong population on radioactive contaminated territories<strong>of</strong> Kiev province. Health Problems 3: 36–39 (inUkrainian).Loganovsky, K. N. (1999). Clinical epidemiological aspectsand psychiatric consequences <strong>of</strong> the Chernobylcatastrophe. Soc. Clinic. Psychiat. 9 (1): 5–17 (inRussian).Loganovsky, K. N. (2000). Vegetative vascular dystoniaand bone pain syndrome or Chronic Fatigue Syndromeas a characteristic after-effect <strong>of</strong> a radioecologicaldisaster: The Chernobyl accident experience.J. Chron. Fatig. Syndr. 7 (3): 3–16.Loganovsky, K. N. (2002). Mental disorders followingexposure to ionizing radiation as a result <strong>of</strong>
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This monograph is a reprint of
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ChernobylConsequences of the Catast
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viChapter III. Consequences of the
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viiiFor a long time I have thought
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CHERNOBYLPrefaceThe principal idea
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xii• Chapter IV: Radiation Protec
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CHERNOBYLAcknowledgmentsThe present
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xviPintchouk, L.B., Institute of Ex
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2The basic conclusion of the report
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CHERNOBYLChapter I. Chernobyl Conta
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6tled outside of Belarus, Ukraine,
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8TABLE 1.1. Estimations of a Geogra
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10Figure 1.6. Some of the main area
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12Figure 1.7. The path of one Chern
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14Figure 1.10. Reconstruction of co
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16Figure 1.12. Transuranic radionuc
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18TABLE 1.3. Radioactive Contaminat
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20Figure 1.15. Spotty concentration
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22Figure 1.16. Maps of the Chernoby
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24the teeth of 6,000 children and f
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26TABLE 1.8. Estimation of the Popu
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28observations of fallout from the
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30Contamination: Chernobyl’s lega
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CHERNOBYL2. Chernobyl’s Public He
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34persons who were involved in liqu
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36the incomplete official data for
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38periodic journals and magazines a
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40Chernobyl Forum (2006). Health Ef
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CHERNOBYL3. General Morbidity, Impa
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44TABLE 3.2. Frequency of Complaint
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46Figure 3.2. Number (percentage) o
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48TABLE 3.7. Percent of “Practica
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50TABLE 3.12. Disability in Liquida
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52Gutkovsky, I. A., Kul’kova, L.
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54prenatally irradiated children. B
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56encephalopathy in those 40 years
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CHERNOBYL5. Nonmalignant Diseases a
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602. Children of liquidators living
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625.1.2.1. Belarus1. Cardiovascular
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64blood pressure was characteristic
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66TABLE 5.4. Incidence of (%, M ±
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687. For the majority surveyed in t
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70TABLE 5.12. Chromosomal Mutations
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72TABLE 5.16. Incidence of Down Syn
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74mortality; (c) an increase in de
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76Organization (WHO) (Chernobyl For
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78Adequate and timely thyroid funct
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805.3.1.2. Ukraine1. The noticeable
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82TABLE 5.24. General Endocrine Mor
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84of cases of autoimmune thyroiditi
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86between 1992 and 2001 (Moskalenko
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88protein X concentration in urine,
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90the 30-km Chernobyl zone. In 1986
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9211. In the 7 to 9 years after the
- Page 111 and 112: 94Figure 5.7. Chronic bronchitis an
- Page 113 and 114: 96TABLE 5.33. Respiratory Morbidity
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- Page 119 and 120: 102from Chernobyl fallout changed o
- Page 121 and 122: 104TABLE 5.43. Primary Osteomuscula
- Page 123 and 124: 10610. From 1991 to 2000 there was
- Page 125 and 126: 108indicated an almost twofold incr
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- Page 129 and 130: 1123. SWEDEN. A comprehensive analy
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- Page 133 and 134: 116Only after 2000 did medical auth
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- Page 139 and 140: 122TABLE 5.62. Overall Skin Disease
- Page 141 and 142: 1243. The incidence of kidney infec
- Page 143 and 144: 126TABLE 5.68. Incidence of Congeni
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- Page 149 and 150: 132Figure 5.15. Typical examples of
- Page 151 and 152: 134TABLE 5.79. Incidence (per 100,0
- Page 153 and 154: 136Arynchyna, N. T. & Mil’kmanovi
- Page 155 and 156: 138Brogger, A., Reitan, J. B., Stra
- Page 157 and 158: 140Drygyna, L. B. (2002). Clinical
- Page 159 and 160: 142Goncharova, R. I. (2000). Remote
- Page 161: 144September 27-29, 1999, Minsk (Be
- Page 165 and 166: 148June 4-8, 2001, Kiev, Ukraine (A
- Page 167 and 168: 150Noshchenko, A. G. & Loganovsky,
- Page 169 and 170: 152Ukr. Herald Soc. Hygien. Publ. H
- Page 171 and 172: 154Cytogenetic observations of chil
- Page 173 and 174: 156dysfunction in persons sick from
- Page 175 and 176: 158Tytov, L. P. (2002). Early and r
- Page 177 and 178: 160Zaitsev, V. A., Petrenko, S. V.
- Page 179 and 180: 162that all data from former republ
- Page 181 and 182: 164TABLE 6.4. Childhood Cancer Morb
- Page 183 and 184: 166Figure 6.5. General thyroid canc
- Page 185 and 186: 168Figure 6.7. Thyroid cancer morbi
- Page 187 and 188: 170Figure 6.9. Thyroid cancer morbi
- Page 189 and 190: 172Figure 6.12. Total I-131 contami
- Page 191 and 192: 174Figure 6.16. Papillary thyroid c
- Page 193 and 194: 176well as being a result of the ad
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- Page 197 and 198: 180TABLE 6.14. Leukemia Morbidity (
- Page 199 and 200: 182Figure 6.20. Breast cancer morbi
- Page 201 and 202: 184TABLE 6.18. Increase in Morbidit
- Page 203 and 204: 186Busby, C. (1995). The Wings of D
- Page 205 and 206: 188Ivanov, V. K. & Tsyb, A. F. (200
- Page 207 and 208: 190ujf-grenoble.fr/SANTE/alpesmed/e
- Page 209 and 210: CHERNOBYL7. Mortality after the Che
- Page 211 and 212: 194Figure 7.3. Stillbirth rate (per
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196Figure 7.7. Trends of stillbirth
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198TABLE 7.1. Increase of the Rate
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200Figure 7.11. Perinatal mortality
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202Figure 7.14. Trend of infant mor
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204Figure 7.19. Trend of mortality
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206TABLE 7.6. Causes of Death (%) o
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208TABLE 7.9. Estimates of the Numb
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210TABLE 7.11. Number of Additional
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212Buzhievskaya, T. I., Tchaikovska
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214Law of Ukraine (2006). About Sta
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216to and 3 years subsequent to the
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218Figure 1. Absolute number of the
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220pathology formation, prognosis).
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222Twenty Years of Chernobyl Catast
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224TABLE 8.1. Concentration (Bq/m 3
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226Concentrations of Cs-131/Cs-134/
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228TABLE 8.6. Coefficients of Accum
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230Figure 8.2. The annual mean Cs-1
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232TABLE 8.10. Ground Deposition (k
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234ReferencesAarkrog, A. (1988). St
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236pectin-containing food additives
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238Figure 9.1. Radioautographs of p
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240TABLE 9.4. Levels of Radionuclid
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242TABLE 9.6. Inter- and Intraspeci
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244TABLE 9.8. Intensity of Cs-137 A
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246each place and time for each ind
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248TABLE 9.14. Frequency of Some Mo
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250TABLE 9.20. Change in Anthocyani
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252Grodzinsky, D. M. (2006). Reflec
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254after accident. Radiat. Biol. Ra
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256TABLE 10.1. Maximum Concentratio
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258Figure 10.2. Individual variabil
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260TABLE 10.4. Concentration of Som
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262TABLE 10.7. Some Recorded Cherno
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264isotope analyses on current and
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266TABLE 10.12. Abnormalities in La
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268TABLE 10.16. The Frequency of Do
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27015. Animals in the Chernobyl zon
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272TABLE 10.25. Immune Status of th
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274ReferencesAdamovich, V. L. (1998
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276Environmental Health (Center for
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278water bodies. Herald Nat. Belar.
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280E. V. (1996). Chromosome aberrat
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282with up to 40 Ci/km 2 (Zymenko e
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284Luk’yanova, E. M., Denysova, M
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286demonstrate a return to historic
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288enterosorbents, and Chapter IV.1
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290on contaminated foodstuffs avail
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292Figure 12.1. Countrywide mean co
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294TABLE 12.5. Concentration (pCi/l
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296TABLE 12.7. Cs-137 Body Burden i
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298Figure 12.5. Average specific ac
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300Figure 12.10. Body burden of Cs-
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302Omelyanets, N. I. (2001). Radioe
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304formation. The additives prevent
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306TABLE 13.2. EKG Normalization Re
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308increased sense of personal resp
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310Nesterenko, V. B. (2005). Radiat
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312require a separate monograph. Th
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3141. In the exclusion zone, which
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316Foods rich in K include potatoes
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CHERNOBYL15. Consequences of the Ch
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320• Inadequacy of modern knowled
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322with illnesses characteristic of
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324Chernobyl-contaminated areas, ra
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326information which can be unwante