and physical, to determine whether or not purposeful design is involved in the phenomena thewitnesses describe.Whenever a set <strong>of</strong> unusual circumstances is presented it is in the nature <strong>of</strong> the human mind toanalyze it until a rational pattern is encountered at some level. But it is quite conceivable that natureshould present us with circumstances so deeply organized that our observational and logical errorswould entirely mask the pattern to be identified. To the scientist, there is nothing surprising in thisstatement. The history <strong>of</strong> science consists in dual progress: the refinement <strong>of</strong> observationaltechniques and the improvement <strong>of</strong> analytical methods. On the other hand, the proposition that theuniverse might contain intelligent creatures exhibiting such an organization that no model <strong>of</strong> itcould be constructed on the basis <strong>of</strong> current human concepts is also theoretically plausible. Thebehavior <strong>of</strong> such beings would necessarily appear random or absurd or would go undetected,especially if these beings possessed physical means <strong>of</strong> retiring at will beyond the human perceptualrange, or into other dimensions. Such physical actions would appear on scientific records as mererandom accidents, easily ascribable to instrumental error or to a variety <strong>of</strong> natural causes.Considering the UFO phenomenon as a special instance <strong>of</strong> that more fundamental question, we arepresented with the dual possibility <strong>of</strong> very long-term unsolvability and continued manifestation, andthis is true whether the phenomenon is natural or artificial in nature.The development <strong>of</strong> a new myth feeding upon this duality is entirely predictable. In the absence <strong>of</strong> arational solution to the mystery, and due to intense public interest, it is quite likely that in comingyears every brand <strong>of</strong> charlatanism will use it as a base, although it is not possible to predict its exactform. We may very well be living the early years <strong>of</strong> a new mythological movement, and it mayeventually give our technological age its Olympus or its Valhalla, whether we regard such adevelopment as an asset or as a blow to our culture. Because many observations <strong>of</strong> UFOphenomena appear self-consistent and at the same time irreconcilable with scientific knowledge, alogical vacuum has been created that human imagination tries to fill with fantasy. Such situationshave been frequently observed in the past, and they have given us both the highest and the basestforms <strong>of</strong> religious, poetic, and political activity. It is entirely possible that the UFO phenomenonwill give rise to similar developments, because its manifestations coincide with a renewal <strong>of</strong> interestin the human value <strong>of</strong> technology.It is precisely because science is the process through which unsolvable emotional arguments can betransformed into organized sets <strong>of</strong> sub-problems amenable to rational analysis that the UFOphenomenon is interesting. Therefore, to say that UFOs are not a scientific problem, or even to posethe question <strong>of</strong> whether they are or not, is to utter an absurdity. There is no such thing as a scientificproblem; it is the man who looks at the problem who is or is not scientific in his approach. Scienceis an object in the human mind, not a characteristic we are at liberty either to bestow upon or towithdraw from every funny-looking contraption that happens to cross our skies.For a scientist, the only valid question is to decide whether the phenomenon can be studied by itself,or whether it is an instance <strong>of</strong> a deeper problem. This book attempts to illustrate, and only toillustrate, the latter approach. And my conclusion is that, through the UFO phenomenon, we havethe unique opportunities to observe folklore in the making and to gather scientific material at thedeepest source <strong>of</strong> human imagination. We will be the object <strong>of</strong> much contempt by future students <strong>of</strong>our civilization if we allow this material to be lost, for "tradition is a meteor which, once it falls,cannot be rekindled."If we decide to avoid extreme speculation, but make certain basic observations from the existingdata, five principal facts stand out rather clearly from our analysis so far:Fact 1. There has been among the public, in all countries, since the middle <strong>of</strong> 1946, an extremelyactive generation <strong>of</strong> colorful rumors. They center on a considerable number <strong>of</strong> observations <strong>of</strong>unknown machines close to the ground in rural areas, the physical traces left by these machines, andtheir various effects on humans and animals.Fact 2. When the underlying archetypes are extracted from these rumors, the extraterrestrial myth isseen to coincide to a remarkable degree with the fairy-faith <strong>of</strong> Celtic countries, the observations <strong>of</strong>the scholars <strong>of</strong> past ages, and the widespread belief among all peoples concerning entities whose
physical and psychological description place them in the same category as the present-day ufonauts.Fact 3. The entities human witnesses report to have seen, heard, and touched fall into variousbiological types. Among them are beings <strong>of</strong> giant stature, men indistinguishable from us, wingedcreatures, and various types <strong>of</strong> monsters. Most <strong>of</strong> the so-called pilots, however, are dwarfs and formtwo main groups: (1) dark, hairy beings – identical to the gnomes <strong>of</strong> medieval theory – with small,bright eyes and deep, rugged, "old" voices; and (2) beings – who answer the description <strong>of</strong> thesylphs <strong>of</strong> the Middle Ages or the elves <strong>of</strong> the fairy-faith – with human complexions, oversizedheads, and silvery voices. All the beings have been described with and without breathing apparatus.Beings <strong>of</strong> various categories have been reported together. The overwhelming majority arehumanoid.Fact 4. The entities' reported behavior is as consistently absurd as the appearance <strong>of</strong> their craft isludicrous. In numerous instances <strong>of</strong> verbal communications with them, their assertions have beensystematically misleading. This is true for all cases on record, from encounters with the Gentry inthe British Isles to conversations with airship engineers during the 1897 Midwest flap anddiscussions with the alleged Martians in Europe, North and South America, and elsewhere. Thisabsurd behavior has had the effect <strong>of</strong> keeping pr<strong>of</strong>essional scientists away from the area where thatactivity was taking place. It has also served to give the saucer myth its religious and mysticalovertones.Fact 5. The mechanism <strong>of</strong> the apparitions, in legendary, historical, and modern times, is standardand follows the model <strong>of</strong> religious miracles. Several cases, which bear the <strong>of</strong>ficial stamp <strong>of</strong> theCatholic Church (such as those in Fatima and Guadalupe), are in fact – if one applies thedeffinitions strictly – nothing more than UFO phenomena where the entity has delivered a messagehaving to do with religious beliefs rather than with space or engineering.Given the above five facts I believe the following three propositions to be true:Proposition 1. The behavior <strong>of</strong> a superior race would not necessarily appear purposeful to a humanobserver. Scientists who brush aside UFO reports because "obviously intelligent visitors would notbehave like that" simply have not given serious thought to the problem <strong>of</strong> nonhuman intelligence.Observation and deduction agree, in fact, that the organized action <strong>of</strong> a superior race must appearabsurd to the inferior one. That this does not preclude contact and even cohabitation is an obviousfact <strong>of</strong> daily life on our planet, where humans, animals, and insects have interwoven activities inspite <strong>of</strong> their different levels <strong>of</strong> nervous system organization.Proposition 2. If we recognize that the structure and nature <strong>of</strong> time is as much <strong>of</strong> a puzzle to modernphysicists as it was to Reverend Kirk, for example, then it follows that any theory <strong>of</strong> the universethat does not take our ignorance into account is bound to remain in academic exercise.Proposition 3. The entire mystery we are discussing contains all the elements <strong>of</strong> a myth that couldbe utilized to serve long-term social manipulation purposes, as illustrated by the curious linkbetween the contents <strong>of</strong> the reports and the progress <strong>of</strong> human technology, from aerial ships todirigibles to ghost rockets to flying saucers and to biogenetic engineering – a link that has neverrecieved a satisfactory interpretation in a sociological framework.With respect to the last point, I find it remarkable that the first instance <strong>of</strong> a blackout caused by aUFO should be found in Twilight Bar, a play written by Arthur Koestler in 1933. During the play,which takes place on a small unnamed island where civil war is about to break out, an enormousmeteor flies over the town with a high-pitched whistling sound as all the lights go out. The craftplunges into the sea, and two beings, dressed in white coveralls and moving as if in a trance, comeashore and introduce themselves as messengers sent to warn mankind that it has three short days inwhich to mend its ways. Otherwise, the creatures say, mankind will be destroyed and the earth willbe repopulated by a superior race.The first reference to UFO effects on car ignition came in a novel written in 1950 by BernardNewman entitled The Flying Saucer. It is true that when Newman's book was written, some UFOreports involving magnetic disturbances (<strong>of</strong> the compass) were already circulating. Even in 1944,the military had already amassed considerable information about unidentified flying objects, thefirst large-scale scientific investigation having been done by the National Bureau <strong>of</strong> Standards the
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Foreword by Whitley StrieberThere a
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It is sad that, as the twentieth ce
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PART ONE: THE ALIEN CHRONICLESIn th
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lot about it, but nobody said 'Let'
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The resemblance of the Dogu statues
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various forms of error worship unde
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them. These apparitions are scarce,
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was again shot at. Another creature
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The story is fantastic. Yet it remi
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their virginity in the sanctuaries
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A letter from a British woman begin
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The recollections of the legionnair
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lades. In less time than it takes t
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e called Smith said: "No, we cannot
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Celtic legends, along with the docu
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probably took place in the second p
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Australian Air Force Intelligence p
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the designation Wolf 424.The myster
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a scar or a mark. The authorities w
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esearches might have a bearing on a
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me undeniable) and as psychic devic
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extraterrestrial theory is not stra
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the universe summarizes the problem
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About the AuthorAn astrophysicist b