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THE INFLUENCE OF SCALAR FIELDS IN PROTOGALACTIC INTERACTIONS M. A. Rodriguez–Meza*, Jaime Klapp † , Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota ‡ Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, (ININ) Apartado postal 18–1027, México D.F. 11801, México. Heinz Dehnen § Fakultät für Physik, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 5560 M 677, D–78434 Konstanz, Germany Abstract We present simulations within the framework of scalar-tensor theories, in the Newtonian limit, to investigate the influence of massive scalar fields on the dynamics of the collision of two equal spherical clouds. We employ a SPH code modified to include the scalar field to simulate two initially non-rotating protogalaxies that approach each other, and as a result of the tidal interaction, intrinsic angular momentum is generated. We have obtained sufficient large values of J/M to suggest that intrinsic angular momentum can be the result of tidal interactions. Keywords: Protogalactic interactions, galaxy mergings, scalar–tensor theories. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years there has been achieved important progress in understanding the dynamics that led to the formation of galaxies. Two and three dimensional N-body simulations of galaxies and protogalaxies have been computed using up to a few millions of particles, giving a more realistic view of how galaxies, quasars, and black holes could have formed [1, 2]. *On leave from Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. † E–mail: klapp@nuclear.inin.mx ‡ E–mail: jorge@nuclear.inin.mx § E–mail: Heinz.Dehnen@uni-konstanz.de 213
214 EXACT SOLUTIONS AND SCALAR FIELDS IN GRAVITY The Universe’s composition at the time galaxies formed could be, theoretically, very varied, including baryonic visible and dark matter, non baryonic dark matter, neutrinos, and many cosmological relics stemming from symmetry breaking processes predicted by high energy physics [3]. All these particles, if present, should have played a role in the structure formation. Then, galaxies are expected to possess dark matter components and, in accordance with the rotational curves of stars and gas around the centres of spirals, they are in the form of halos [4] and must contribute to at least 3 to 10 times the mass of the visible matter [3]. Whatever the Universe composition was, protogalaxies were originated due to a spectrum of scale-invariant perturbations [5, 6] that was present within the cosmological background at the beginning of structure formation; the inflationary cosmology is the most convincing scenario that explains its origin [7]. Protogalactic structures began to acquire some momenta, e.g. tidal torques [8], because of local gravitational instabilities to provoke plenty of collisions, mergings, fly-bys, etc, between these original, cosmic structures. As a result of their evolution, galaxies, as we presently know them, must have formed. The dynamics of protogalaxies has been studied intensively, for a review see Ref. [1]. There has been much interest to understand how galaxies acquired their present features, especially how their internal angular momentum (spin) has been gotten, A very important issue about it is how the transfer of angular momentum between protogalaxies took place to give rise to the observed elliptical and spiral galaxies with their known mass and rotational properties. As an initial condition can be thought that protogalaxies were gravitationally isolated. However, there are some indications that the orbital angular momentum in spiral galaxies in pairs is few times larger than their spins, so pairs seem to be not dynamically isolated [9]. Part of this angular momentum could had its origin in the cosmic expansion [10, 11, 12], where it has been computed the torques at the beginning of strong decoupling from the Hubble flow of spherical-symmetric density perturbations. Moreover, observations of spin angular momentum of various thousands of disc galaxies are compatible with the mechanism of generation of spin via tidal torques [13]. Other theoretical and numerical studies of evolution of angular momentum of protogalaxies from tidal torques are in line with observations [14, 15]. In the present work we investigate how the transfer of orbital to spin angular momentum is achieved when two equal, spherical clouds pass by, and in some cases when they collide; this type of interactions are to be expected in the tidal torques scheme. Studies of interacting spherical systems very related to ours have been done using the Newtonian
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EXACT SOLUTIONS AND SCALAR FIELDS I
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EXACT SOLUTIONS AND SCALAR FIELDS I
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To the 65th birthday of Heinz Dehne
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CONTENTS Preface Contributing Autho
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Contents ix 5 The case of 84 Part I
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Contents xi Luis O. Pimentel, Cesar
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Contents xiii 2.2 String theory ind
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PREFACE This book is dedicated to h
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CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Eloy Ayón-Bea
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Contributing Authors xix Jaime Klap
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Contributing Authors xxi A.P. 70-54
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Contributing Authors xxiii L. Artur
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I EXACT SOLUTIONS
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SELF-GRAVITATING STATIONARY AXI- SY
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Self-gravitating stationary axisymm
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REFERENCES 13 be shown that the ana
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NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE NEW MILLENNI
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New Directions for the New Millenni
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New Directions for the New Millenni
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REFERENCES 21 Acknowledgments The r
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ON MAXIMALLY SYMMETRIC AND TOTALLY
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On maximally symmetric and totally
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DISCUSSION OF THE THETA FORMULA FOR
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Theta formula for the Ernst potenti
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REFERENCES 51 Rosenhain’s theta f
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THE SUPERPOSITION OF NULL DUST BEAM
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The superposition of null dustbeams
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REFERENCES 61 geodesic with respect
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SOLVING EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM FOR THE
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Solving equilibrium problem for the
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REFERENCES 67 where the subindices
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ROTATING EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS
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Rotating equilibrium configurations
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Rotating equilibrium configurations
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REFERENCES 75 5. DISCUSSION The ana
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INTEGRABILITY OF SDYM EQUATIONS FOR
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Integrability of SDYM Equations for
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REFERENCES 87 [18] [19] [20] [21] [
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II ALTERNATIVE THEORIES AND SCALAR
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THE FRW UNIVERSES WITH BAROTROPIC F
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The FRW Universes with Barotropic F
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REFERENCES 99 (1979) 515; H. Dehnen
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HIGGS-FIELD AND GRAVITY Heinz Dehne
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Higgs-Field and Gravity 103 is defi
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Higgs-Field and Gravity 105 Consequ
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Higgs-Field and Gravity 107 From th
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REFERENCES 109 Evidently by inserti
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THE ROAD TO GRAVITATIONAL S-DUALITY
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The road to Gravitational S-duality
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REFERENCES 121 The partition functi
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EXACT SOLUTIONS IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL
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Exact solutions in multidimensional
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REFERENCES 131 For possible physica
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EFFECTIVE FOUR-DIMENSIONAL DILATON
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Dilaton gravity from Chern-Simons g
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A PLANE-FRONTED WAVE SOLUTION IN ME
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A plane-fronted wave solution in me
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REFERENCES 6. SUMMARY 151 We invest
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III COSMOLOGY AND INFLATION
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NEW SOLUTIONS OF BIANCHI MODELS IN
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New solutions of Bianchi models in
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Page 188 and 189: REFERENCES 163 Further solutions of
Page 190 and 191: SCALAR FIELD DARK MATTER Tonatiuh M
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Page 210 and 211: INFLATION WITH A BLUE EIGENVALUE SP
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Page 220 and 221: CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM COSMOLOGY WIT
Page 222 and 223: Quantum cosmology with self-interac
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Page 230 and 231: THE BIG BANG IN GOWDY COSMOLOGICAL
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Page 244 and 245: EXACT SOLUTIONS AND SCALAR FIELDS I
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Page 248 and 249: ADAPTIVE CALCULATION OF A COLLAPSIN
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Page 260 and 261: REVISITING THE CALCULATION OF INFLA
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Page 272 and 273: CONFORMAL SYMMETRY AND DEFLATIONARY
Page 274 and 275: Conformal symmetry and deflationary
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Page 286 and 287: IV EXPERIMENTS AND OTHER TOPICS
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STATICITY THEOREM FOR NON-ROTATING
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Staticity Theorem for Non-Rotating
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Staticity Theorem for Non-Rotating
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REFERENCES 269 The boundary is cons
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QUANTUM NONDEMOLITION MEASUREMENTS
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Quantum nondemolition measurements
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REFERENCES 279 [11] M. Kasevich and
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ON ELECTROMAGNETIC THIRRING PROBLEM
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On Electromagnetic Thirring Problem
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REFERENCES 293 [8] [9] D. Brill and
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ON THE EXPERIMENTAL FOUNDATION OF M
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On the experimental foundation of M
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REFERENCES 309 [12] [13] [14] [15]
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LORENTZ FORCE FREE CHARGED FLUIDS I
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Lorentz force free charged fluids i
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REFERENCES 319 force can be foresee
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Index Axisymmetries and configurati
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INDEX 323 Theorem (cont.) staticity
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Prof. Heinz Dehnen: Brief Biography
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Prof. Dietrich Kramer: Brief Biogra
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