Notes on financial statements26. Financial instruments <strong>and</strong> financial risk factors continuedAt 31 December <strong>20</strong>11, 77% (<strong>20</strong>10 80%) of the carrying amount of non-current available-for-sale equity financial assets represented the group’s stake inRosneft, thus the group’s exposure is concentrated on changes in the share price of this equity investment in particular.(b) Credit riskCredit risk is the risk that a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument will fail to perform or fail to pay amounts due causing financial loss tothe group <strong>and</strong> arises from cash <strong>and</strong> cash equivalents, derivative financial instruments <strong>and</strong> deposits with financial institutions <strong>and</strong> principally from creditexposures to customers relating to outst<strong>and</strong>ing receivables.The group has a credit policy, approved by the CFO, that is designed to ensure that consistent processes are in place throughout the group tomeasure <strong>and</strong> control credit risk. Credit risk is considered as part of the risk-reward balance of doing business. On entering into any business contractthe extent to which the arrangement exposes the group to credit risk is considered. Key requirements of the policy are formal delegated authorities tothe sales <strong>and</strong> marketing teams to incur credit risk <strong>and</strong> to a specialized credit function to set counterparty limits; the establishment of credit systems <strong>and</strong>processes to ensure that counterparties are rated <strong>and</strong> limits set; <strong>and</strong> systems to monitor exposure against limits <strong>and</strong> report regularly on those exposures,<strong>and</strong> immediately on any excesses, <strong>and</strong> to track <strong>and</strong> report credit losses. The treasury function provides a similar credit risk management activity withrespect to group-wide exposures to banks <strong>and</strong> other financial institutions.The global credit environment exhibited deterioration in <strong>20</strong>11, suffering not only from continuing economic <strong>and</strong> political uncertainties but also fromkey event risks, causing the group to further heighten awareness, discussion <strong>and</strong> co-ordination around the material credit risks arising from its activities.Before trading with a new counterparty can start, its creditworthiness is assessed <strong>and</strong> a credit rating is allocated that indicates the probabilityof default, along with a credit exposure limit. The assessment process takes into account all available qualitative <strong>and</strong> quantitative information aboutthe counterparty <strong>and</strong> the group, if any, to which the counterparty belongs. The counterparty’s business activities, financial resources <strong>and</strong> business riskmanagement processes are taken into account in the assessment, to the extent that this information is publicly available or otherwise disclosed to <strong>BP</strong> bythe counterparty, together with external credit ratings. Creditworthiness continues to be evaluated after transactions have been initiated <strong>and</strong> a watchlist ofhigher-risk counterparties is maintained.The group does not aim to remove credit risk but expects to experience a certain level of credit losses. The group attempts to mitigate creditrisk by entering into contracts that permit netting <strong>and</strong> allow for termination of the contract on the occurrence of certain events of default. Depending onthe creditworthiness of the counterparty, the group may require collateral or other credit enhancements such as cash deposits, letters of credit, tradecredit insurance, liens, third-party guarantees <strong>and</strong> other forms of credit mitigation. Trade receivables <strong>and</strong> payables, <strong>and</strong> derivative assets <strong>and</strong> liabilities,are presented on a net basis where unconditional netting arrangements are in place with counterparties <strong>and</strong> where there is an intent to settle amountsdue on a net basis. The maximum credit exposure associated with financial assets is equal to the carrying amount. Collateral received <strong>and</strong> recognizedin the balance sheet at the year end was $273 million (<strong>20</strong>10 $313 million) <strong>and</strong> collateral held off balance sheet was $6 million (<strong>20</strong>10 $52 million). As at31 December <strong>20</strong>11, the group had in place other credit enhancements designed to mitigate approximately $8.6 billion of credit risk (<strong>20</strong>10 $7.0 billion).Credit exposure exists in relation to guarantees issued by group companies under which amounts outst<strong>and</strong>ing at 31 December <strong>20</strong>11 were $415 million(<strong>20</strong>10 $404 million) in respect of liabilities of jointly controlled entities <strong>and</strong> associates <strong>and</strong> $1,430 million (<strong>20</strong>10 $1,339 million) in respect of liabilities ofother third parties.Notwithst<strong>and</strong>ing the processes described above, significant unexpected credit losses can occasionally occur. Exposure to unexpected lossesincreases with concentrations of credit risk that exist when a number of counterparties are involved in similar activities or operate in the same industrysector or geographical area, which may result in their ability to meet contractual obligations being impacted by changes in economic, political or otherconditions. The group’s principal customers, suppliers <strong>and</strong> financial institutions with which it conducts business are located throughout the world. Inaddition, these risks are managed by maintaining a group watchlist <strong>and</strong> aggregating multi-segment exposures to ensure that a material credit risk isnot missed.<strong>Report</strong>s are regularly prepared <strong>and</strong> presented to the GFRC that cover the group’s overall credit exposure <strong>and</strong> expected loss trends, exposure bysegment, <strong>and</strong> overall quality of the portfolio. The reports also include details of the largest counterparties by exposure level <strong>and</strong> expected loss, <strong>and</strong> detailsof counterparties on the group watchlist.For the contracts comprising derivative financial instruments in an asset position at 31 December <strong>20</strong>11, it is estimated that over 76% (<strong>20</strong>10 over80%) of the unmitigated credit exposure is to counterparties of investment grade credit quality.For cash <strong>and</strong> cash equivalents, the treasury function dynamically manages bank deposit limits to ensure cash is well-diversified <strong>and</strong> to reduceconcentration risks. At 31 December <strong>20</strong>11, 98% of the cash <strong>and</strong> cash equivalents balance was deposited with financial institutions rated at least A bySt<strong>and</strong>ard & Poor’s <strong>and</strong> A2 by Moody’s. Direct cash <strong>and</strong> cash equivalent exposures to Greek, Italian, Irish, Portuguese <strong>and</strong> Spanish financial institutionstotalled less than 1% of total cash <strong>and</strong> cash equivalents.Trade <strong>and</strong> other receivables of the group are analysed in the table below. By comparing the <strong>BP</strong> credit ratings to the equivalent external creditratings, it is estimated that approximately 70-80% (<strong>20</strong>10 approximately 50-60%) of the unmitigated trade receivables portfolio exposure is of investmentgrade credit quality. With respect to the trade <strong>and</strong> other receivables that are neither impaired nor past due, there are no indications as of the reportingdate that the debtors will not meet their payment obligations.$ millionTrade <strong>and</strong> other receivables at 31 December <strong>20</strong>11 <strong>20</strong>10Neither impaired nor past due 34,563 30,181Impaired (net of valuation allowance) 33 67Not impaired <strong>and</strong> past due in the following periodswithin 30 days 1,263 1,35831 to 60 days 250 24961 to 90 days 132 101over 90 days 638 42436,879 32,3802<strong>20</strong> <strong>BP</strong> <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Form</strong> <strong>20</strong>-F <strong>20</strong>11
Notes on financial statements26. Financial instruments <strong>and</strong> financial risk factors continuedThe movement in the valuation allowance for trade receivables is set out below.$ million<strong>20</strong>11 <strong>20</strong>10At 1 January 428 430Exchange adjustments (16) (9)Charge for the year 115 150Utilization (124) (143)Write-back (71) –At 31 December 332 428(c) Liquidity riskLiquidity risk is the risk that suitable sources of funding for the group’s business activities may not be available. The group’s liquidity is managed centrallywith operating units forecasting their cash <strong>and</strong> currency requirements to the central treasury function. Unless restricted by local regulations, subsidiariespool their cash surpluses to treasury, which will then arrange to fund other subsidiaries’ requirements, or invest any net surplus in the market or arrangefor necessary external borrowings, while managing the group’s overall net currency positions.In managing its liquidity risk, the group has access to a wide range of funding at competitive rates through capital markets <strong>and</strong> banks. The group’streasury function centrally co-ordinates relationships with banks, borrowing requirements, foreign exchange requirements <strong>and</strong> cash management. Thegroup believes it has access to sufficient funding through its own current cash holdings <strong>and</strong> future cash generation including disposal proceeds, thecommercial paper markets <strong>and</strong> by using undrawn committed borrowing facilities to meet foreseeable liquidity requirements.The group has in place a European Debt Issuance Programme (DIP) under which the group may raise up to $<strong>20</strong> billion of debt for maturities ofone month or longer. At 31 December <strong>20</strong>11, the amount drawn down against the DIP was $11,582 million (<strong>20</strong>10 $12,272 million). In addition, the grouphas in place an unlimited US Shelf Registration under which it may raise debt with maturities of one month or longer.The group has long-term debt ratings of A2 (stable outlook) assigned by Moody’s consistently throughout the year, <strong>and</strong> A (stable outlook) assignedby St<strong>and</strong>ard & Poor’s since July <strong>20</strong>11, strengthened from A (negative outlook) in force at the start of the year.During <strong>20</strong>11 $10.7 billion of long-term taxable bonds were issued with tenors of between 18 months <strong>and</strong> 10 years, <strong>and</strong> $0.8 billion of USIndustrial/Municipal bonds were re-issued in term-out mode of between three <strong>and</strong> ten years. Flexible commercial paper is issued at competitive rates tomeet short-term borrowing requirements as <strong>and</strong> when needed.As a further liquidity measure, the group continues to maintain suitable levels of cash <strong>and</strong> cash equivalents, invested with highly rated banks ormoney market funds <strong>and</strong> readily accessible at immediate <strong>and</strong> short notice ($14.1 billion at the end of <strong>20</strong>11; $18.6 billion at the end of <strong>20</strong>10).At 31 December <strong>20</strong>11, the group had substantial amounts of undrawn borrowing facilities available, consisting of $6,925 million of st<strong>and</strong>byfacilities (of which $6,825 million is available to draw <strong>and</strong> repay until mid-March <strong>20</strong>14, <strong>and</strong> the equivalent of $100 million is available to draw <strong>and</strong> repayin Chinese yuan with half expiring in mid-September <strong>20</strong>12 <strong>and</strong> half in December <strong>20</strong>12). These facilities were renegotiated during <strong>20</strong>11 across 25international banks, <strong>and</strong> borrowings under them would be at pre-agreed rates.The group also has committed letter of credit (LC) facilities totalling $5,125 million with a number of banks for a one-year duration, allowing LCsto be issued to a maximum one-year duration. There were also uncommitted secured LC evergreen facilities in place at the year end for $2,160 million,secured against inventories or receivables when utilized.The amounts shown for finance debt in the table below include expected interest payments on borrowings <strong>and</strong> the future minimum leasepayments with respect to finance leases.Current finance debt on the group balance sheet at 31 December <strong>20</strong>11 includes $30 million (<strong>20</strong>10 $6,197 million) in respect of cash depositsreceived for disposals expected to complete in <strong>20</strong>12, which will be considered extinguished on completion of the transactions. This amount is excludedfrom the table below.The table also shows the timing of cash outflows relating to trade <strong>and</strong> other payables <strong>and</strong> accruals.Trade <strong>and</strong>otherpayables a$ million<strong>20</strong>11 <strong>20</strong>10Trade <strong>and</strong>FinanceotherFinancedebt payables a AccrualsdebtAccrualsWithin one year 47,678 5,933 10,024 42,691 5,612 9,3531 to 2 years 1,605 137 7,866 6,549 278 6,8162 to 3 years 569 55 7,311 6,242 125 7,5423 to 4 years 449 26 5,487 411 42 6,1054 to 5 years 259 49 4,634 365 28 5,4945 to 10 years 31 82 12,381 323 110 6,642Over 10 years 72 39 573 25 54 72450,663 6,321 48,276 56,606 6,249 42,676aTrade <strong>and</strong> other payables at 31 December <strong>20</strong>11 includes the Gulf of Mexico oil spill trust fund liability which is payable as follows: $4,884 million within one year (<strong>20</strong>10 $5,008 million within one year,$5,000 million payable in 1 to 2 years <strong>and</strong> $5,000 million payable in 2 to 3 years).Financial statements<strong>BP</strong> <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Form</strong> <strong>20</strong>-F <strong>20</strong>11 221
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Cover imagePhotograph of DeepseaSta
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Cross reference to Form 20-FPageIte
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Miscellaneous termsIn this document
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6 BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 20
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Chairman’s letterCarl-Henric Svan
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Business review: Group overviewBP A
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BP Annual Report and Form 20-F 2011
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Below BP has asignificant presencei
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What you can measure6 Active portfo
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