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situations are not quite as successful; all of the examples of resistance evolution occurringin Bt crops around the world are associated with low-dose crops. However in this talk, Iwill focus instead on unintended effects on organisms.The Value of CultureBt maize produces a protein that is toxic to many Lepidoptera. Pollen containing the toxin,dispersed in the wind, falls onto the leaves of plants that other insects—including monarch-butterflylarvae—eat and then may die, possibly threatening the insect population.Although that’s the risk story involving monarch butterflies, several published studies haveshown that Bt corn does not constitute a serious risk for monarch butterflies. Fortunately,the varieties of Bt maize that were commercially successful have very low toxicity in thepollen, whereas some of the varieties that were less successful actually have higher toxicity,otherwise the outcome of the story may have been different. Monarch butterflies areexposed to many risks, but only minor ones related to GM maize.Why was there so much uproar about Bt maize and monarchs in the United States?It’s just a butterfly, of which many types exist. Monarchs aren’t endangered, nor is theirconservation value considered very high. Part of it is that monarchs are amazing in thatthey migrate from Canada and the United States to Mexico for the winter, as well toparts of California and Florida. They aggregate in huge numbers in certain locations inMexico. Programs such as Monarchs in the Classroom elicit great interest among schoolchildren: their larvae are grown and allowed to pupate and emerge and then are set free,which has a considerable emotional impact on youngsters. Monarchs are even on USpostage stamps, reflecting their cultural significance.In fact, issues of cultural significance are actually quite important vis-à-vis environmentalrisk. We need to expand our approaches to ERA to include cultural dimensions. The baldeagle is also important in the United States, and I have talked to people around the worldand found that other species have special cultural significance in other countries, creatingheterogeneity in what are seen as important parts of the environment.So, my first conclusion is that cultural significance needs to be incorporated intoERA.Assessing SustainabilitySustainability has been a buzz word for some time and has permeated universities andindustry, and in some ways it’s a “mom and apple pie” type of thing. Those of us who workin the area know that it’s actually quite complicated to accomplish. I’m not going to gointo this in its tremendous complexity, but rather focus on one element: risk-assessmentassociated with chemical toxins, which goes back to the beginning of ERA in the 1960s.This approach to ERA has been promoted by several stakeholders for application to GMcrops. I will argue that this approach doesn’t really get at the problem of sustainability.The general model is that, to make an ecological risk assessment, you conduct toxicologytests in the laboratory—which are easier and less expensive than field tests—usingexposure rates that are much higher than normally applied. If an effect is observed, thenthe logical step is to continue testing. If there is no effect, the basic logic is that becauseAndow89
the toxin levels are higher than would be seen in the environment, then you can stop.However, one has to ask how good are the tests. In particular, one doesn’t want a “noeffect” conclusion when there actually were effects that were undetected.Biological Control of PestsBiological methods of controlling insect pests employ insects or other organisms thatfeed on pests and thus control them. Figure 1 shows a few examples that, in addition topathogenic micro-organisms, are biological control agents.Figure 1. Examples of natural and biological control of insect pests.Meta-AnalysisI should note that there is ongoing scientific dispute on what I will present here. One ofthe areas under debate is meta-analysis, which provides a means of combining informationfrom multiple studies to show overall trends. It is regarded as less subjective thansummarizing summaries because it uses data that are statistically significant as well asdata that are non-statistically significant. So, for example, suppose I studied the effectof Cry1Ac, one of the Bt toxins, on a species of ladybird beetle, Cycloneda munda, andsuppose I come up with two non-significant effects on development and growth, bothwith p values of 0.09. If I did this study, I would conclude that I wouldn’t see any effectof Cry1Ac on Cycloneda munda. Now, supposing ten studies showed similar results. Nowthe null-hypothesis of no effect across the ten studies would be rejected at a very lowp value of 0.0029, meaning that even though none of the studies showed a significanteffect, there really were significant responses. It would be wrong to conclude that lots ofnon-significant effects implies that the effect is non-significant, which is counter-intuitive.Meta-analysis shows that lots of non-significant effects may imply that there aresignificant effects.90 <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: The Intersection of Sustainability, Safety and Defense
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2011National Agricultural Biotechno
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NABC Report 23Food Security: The In
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AcknowledgmentsNABC’s twenty-thir
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Participants in the Student Voice a
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123 Preparing for Emerging and Unkn
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Food Security: The Intersection of
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These interconnected threads demand
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In the developed world, it will req
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On the other hand, his definition o
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Plenary Session 4. Emerging Biotech
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12 Food Security: The Intersection
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The participants’ responses did n
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they are safe. Cultural barriers ca
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• Hydrological mapping, as in Min
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• Food security is a multidiscipl
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awareness beyond anything that advo
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• Some research results indicate
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change, reduce or remove GHG emissi
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perspectives and priorities differ
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Page 49 and 50: Water• Withdrawals from the Color
Page 51 and 52: Efficient Use of Resources• We ne
Page 53 and 54: • Foley is working with Google to
Page 55 and 56: drinking water, stormwater, agricul
Page 57 and 58: Table 1A. Issues, strategies and de
Page 59 and 60: The Framework in Summary—A Ten- a
Page 61 and 62: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 63 and 64: If funded, Research Implementation
Page 65 and 66: to be initiated in the first five y
Page 67 and 68: Deborah Swackhamer is professor and
Page 69 and 70: These under-nutrition woes are not
Page 71 and 72: gies. Agricultural sustainability r
Page 73 and 74: Investment in TechnologyImproved pe
Page 75 and 76: Last November, the Forum announced
Page 77 and 78: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable
Page 79 and 80: Food and Agriculture Organization (
Page 81 and 82: 70 Food Security: The Intersection
Page 83 and 84: Richard Isaacson (University of Min
Page 85 and 86: possibility of cross-pollination th
Page 87 and 88: in part to companies like Cargill w
Page 89 and 90: Ralph Hardy (National Agricultural
Page 91 and 92: and the impacts those things have o
Page 95 and 96: Analyses of multiple de-greening ci
Page 97 and 98: June Medford, a professor of biolog
Page 99: Genetically Modified CropsIt is cle
Page 103 and 104: • Separate common species• Sepa
Page 105 and 106: We have a similar situation in the
Page 107 and 108: ReferencesLövei GL et al. (2009) T
Page 109 and 110: Figure 1. Canada’s food-safety sy
Page 111 and 112: However, significant challenges rem
Page 113 and 114: confirmed cases in seven provinces,
Page 117 and 118: and from the IIASA Strategic Plan 2
Page 119 and 120: provided software support. We also
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4. Biological agents (classi
Page 125 and 126: Detlof von Winterfeldt is the direc
Page 127 and 128: Medford: For things like explosives
Page 129 and 130: Robert Buchanan (University of Mary
Page 131 and 132: Ishimaru: In particular with wheat,
Page 133 and 134: Duplessis: In terms of microfluidic
Page 137 and 138: Emergence/Re-EmergenceRegarding eme
Page 139 and 140: • Anticipate and prevent the emer
Page 141 and 142: AcuteWith a new emergence, the need
Page 143 and 144: Assessing Immune StatusDuring an ou
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Recent zoonotic agents ide
Page 147 and 148: Figure 2. The impact of culling she
Page 149 and 150: ecognized as a new disease among ca
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The West Nile virus is another dram
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deer in an attempt to limit the tra
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disease centers for training, resea
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Lanciotti RS et al. (1999) Origin o
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Plant diseases still affect human h
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Climate ChangeThe predicted transit
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In addition to the NPDRS and the NP
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arely have a realistic understandin
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National Research Council (NRC) (20
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our universities we can increase aw
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evidence and no microbiologic evide
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food-preservation technologies and
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concern, particular products of con
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PreventionMuch can and should be do
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Figure 3. Selected recent multi-sta
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Figure 6. PulseNet electronic commu
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Figure 10. All Salmonella Typhimuri
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Figure 13. Listeriosis in the Unite
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Figure 15. Case definitions for clu
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Figure 18. The surveillance process
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Figure 20. Etiology of acute gastro
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I will discuss emerging intentional
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low-level contamination is on-going
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Sometimes these supply chains fall
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Clearly, the food system is globall
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Figure 13. 2010 Cocoa and cocoa-pre
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damage on those who profit from the
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target population. In their lives,
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it before it reaches the consumer.
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Shaun Kennedy is director of the Na
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ing replacements for cream, for exa
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safety system in reality by guarant
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Figure 2 shows the types of identif
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on better standards for Chinese sta
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Figure 6. Skim-milk-powder project:
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Jeffrey C. Moore is a scientific li
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John Besser: I was a little mystifi
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forensic purposes, as used with OJ
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my farmer friends thought I was cra
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Minnesota’s HeritageAs to why som
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in reality, legislation alone won
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The other aspect of this challenge
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private industry, enhancing the pro
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But it does seem that the United St
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Cathie Woteki is under secretary fo
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We offer the following comments and
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Ehlke, NancyUniversity of Minnesota
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Lumor, StephenUniversity of Minneso
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National Agricultural Biotechnology
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